First record of three alien termite species (Insecta: Isoptera) in Belgium

The presence of subterranean termites (Family Rhinotermitidae) and drywood termites (Family Kalotermitidae) poses significant challenges as potential pests, capable of causing substantial damage to wooden structures and leading to economic losses. Some species within these families exhibit high levels of destructiveness and have become invasive in numerous regions worldwide. Introductions or expansions of termite populations often result from the importation of infested wood, plants, or soils. Here, we document the initial occurrences of three exotic termite species in Belgium: Cryptotermes brevis and Reticulitermes banyulensis in Brussels (Brussels Capital Region), and Reticulitermes flavipes in Brugelette (Hainaut province; Walloon region). Morphological identification of specimens was corroborated through DNA-barcoding validation. While infestations of Cryptotermes brevis and Reticulitermes banyulensis are likely inconsequential due to unfavorable local climatic conditions, the establishment and spread of Reticulitermes flavipes in Belgium is more likely and will be monitored closely. These findings underscore the importance of vigilance and effective pest management strategies to mitigate potential impacts.