RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN APTAMER TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TARGETED IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC CANCER BIOMARKERS

Aptamers are compact single-stranded oligonucleotides that can effectively bind to multiple molecules with high affinity and specificity, establishing themselves as a promising class of molecular recognition elements for the identification of specific cancer biomarkers. The distinctive characteristics of these molecules, such as their high specificity and affinity for target entities, stability in physiological environments and straightforward synthesis, render them excellent options for use in cancer diagnostics and treatment. The smaller dimensions of aptamers in contrast to antibodies, facilitate improved penetration into tissues and enable access to regions with dense cellular structures. Due to their limited immunogenic potential, aptamers are less inclined to trigger allergic reactions or adverse immune responses in individuals. Recent innovations in aptamer technology have emphasized the creation of innovative selection methods, including SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment). This advancement has facilitated the discovery of aptamers that exhibit improved binding properties to a range of cancer biomarkers. These biomarkers include proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, the association of aptamers with therapeutic agents or imaging probes has opened new pathways for targeted drug delivery and non-invasive imaging in oncology. This review presents recent innovations in aptamer design and their application in targeting specific cancer biomarkers, emphasizing their potential to improve early detection and treatment for cancer patients.

Keywords: Aptamers, cancer biomarkers, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), metastasis, oncology