Fig. 9. Phylogeny of Apheliscidae. This figure converts a simplified version of the cladogram in Fig. 8B into a phylogenetic tree, incorporating the authors' subjective opinions of the likelihood that certain taxa may be directly ancestral to taxa included in the analysis. The distinctive but poorly known louisinine Monshyus is excluded from this figure, as available material is insufficient to confidently reconstruct its phylogenetic position. Gray bars indicate taxa not included in the analysis that may help complete the record of potential lineages. Biochronology follows Lofgren et al. (2004). Temporal correlations of North American faunal zones follow Williamson (1996), Gingerich (2003), and Lofgren et al. (2004). Correlation of European faunas with North American faunas is largely based on the discussion in Lofgren et al. (2004) and on the correlations of European faunas to the marine record in Smith and Smith (2003).