ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles resulting from the accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide in the brain. Since its first description by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, the disease has been associated with significant cognitive decline and loss of neurons. AD and other cerebral disorders can stem from various causes, including genetic factors, infections, cardiovascular issues, and more. With approximately 50 million AD patients worldwide, a number expected to triple by 2050, the disease imposes a substantial economic burden, with annual global costs estimated at $1 trillion. This review provides an overview of AD pathology, diagnosis, causes, and current treatments. It explores the historical background, epidemiology, neuropathology, and pathophysiology of AD. The review also highlights emerging therapies targeting multiple pathogenic mechanisms, such as tau and Aβ aggregation, inflammation, and oxidative damage. By synthesizing current research and trends, this article aims to offer valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers involved in addressing the challenges of Alzheimer’s disease.

Keywords: Beta-amyloid plaques, Neurofibrillary tangles, Synaptic loss, Exercise intervention, Diagnosis and treatment