An Observational Study to Evaluate the Feasibility, Stone‑Free Rate, and Complications of RIRS in Children <5 Years of Age

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Abstract (English)

Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility, stone‑free rate, and
complications of RIRS in children <5 years of age.
Methods: All children less <5 years of age with a stone size <2 cm (renal/proximal ureteric),
who underwent RIRS at Sri venkateshwar institute of medical sciences, Tirupati, India for the
period of two years were included in this retrospective study. A total of 50 children with 64
renal units met the inclusion criteria. From our hospital database, demographic data, complete
history, clinical examination findings, laboratory reports of complete hemogram, serum
biochemistry, urine analysis, and urine culture were retrieved.
Results: A total of 50 pediatric patients were evaluated, out of whom, 4 had bilateral renal
stones (54 renal units). Out of these 50 renal units, 4 patients had multiple stones in the same
renal unit. The youngest child was a 4‑month‑old boy who presented with anuria due to
bilateral upper ureteric stones. The most common location of the stone was the pelvis and the
lower pole. Stones were most commonly of the mixed composition (46%), followed by
calcium oxalate dihydrate (22%).
Conclusion: Pediatric RIRS is a promising option in young children as it offers an acceptable
stone free rates and a low incidence of high grade complications. However, it requires
expertise and should be offered at tertiary care centres.