Law enforcement and position locating in LTE network (status and challenges)

Since the advent of cellular networks represented by the first-generation 
GSM to the current generations (4G, 5G) represented by the LTE network. 
This brought about a qualitative revolution in cellular networks in terms of 
quality, speed, and efficiency. The emergence of cellular networks 
accompanied by the need to locate the user for commercial and marketing 
purposes, therefore emerge need for the concept of location-based services 
(LBS). However, with the increased reliance on cellular networks by users, 
there appeared a second trend to locate the user for security purposes and 
emergency. This was the first system established in the United States of 
America, called federal communication commission (FCC) 911. Position 
locating has also penetrated the military, security, and police investigations 
fields to locate criminals. Therefore, we review the methods of determining 
location in LTE networks. We evaluate each method and identify its 
weaknesses. In addition, we determine the most appropriate method for law 
enforcement. Based on the evaluation that showed the most effective way to 
determine the location used by law enforcement authorities is the radio 
frequency (RF) fingerprint. Then employment of artificial intelligence 
(AI)/machine learning (ML) to obtain an optimal method.