Ursus arctos Linnaeus 1758
Authors/Creators
Description
Ursus arctos Linnaeus 1758
Ursus arctos Linnaeus 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 47.
Type Locality: "sylvis Europæ frigidæ" restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to "Northern Sweden.".
Vernacular Names: Brown Bear.
Subspecies::
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. arctos Linnaeus 1758
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. alascensis Merriam 1896
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. beringianus Middendorff 1851
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. californicus Merriam 1896
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. collaris F. G. Cuvier 1824
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. crowtheri Schinz 1844
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. dalli Merriam 1896
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. gyas Merriam 1902
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. horribilis Ord 1815
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. isabellinus Horsfield 1826
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. lasiotus Gray 1867
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. middendorffi Merriam 1896
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. pruinosus Blyth 1854
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. sitkensis Merriam 1896
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. stikeenensis Merriam 1914
Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1828
Distribution: Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, N and W China, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan (Hokkaido), Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Macdeonia, N Mexico, Mongolia, North Korea, Norway, N Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, W USA.
Conservation: CITES – Appendix I as U. arctos (Mexico, Bhutan, China, and Mongolia populations) and U. a. isabellinus; otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA – Endangered as U. arctos pruinosus, as U. arctos in Mexico, and as U. a. arctos in Italy. Threatened as U. a. horribilis in the USA (48 conterminous states) except where listed as Experimental Non Essential Populations in portions of Idaho and Montana; IUCN – Extinct as U. a. nelsoni, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).
Discussion: Reviewed by Erdbrink (1953), Couturier (1954), Rausch (1963 a), Kurtén (1973), Hall (1984) and Pasitschniak-Arts (1993). Ognev (1931) and Allen (1938) recognized U. pruinosus as distinct; not followed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Gao (1987), and Stroganov (1962). Lönnberg (1923 b) believed that differences between pruinosus and arctos warranted subgeneric distinction as (Mylarctos) pruinosus; however, this was not supported by Pocock's (1932 b) thorough revision. Synonyms allocated according to Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) and Hall (1984).
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References
- Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp.
- Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158.
- Schinz, H. R. 1844 - 1845. Systematisches verzeichniss aller bis jetzt bekannten Saugethiere, oder, Synopsis mammalium, nach dem Cuvier' schen system. Solothurn, Jent und Gassmann, 2 vols.
- Erdbrink, D. P. 1953. A review of fossil and Recent bears of the old world. Proefschrift, Utrecht, 2 vol, 597 pp.
- Couturier, M. A. J. 1954. L'Ours brun (Ursus arctos) L. Grenoble, 904 pp.
- Rausch, R. L. 1963 a. Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L., as indicated by condylobasal length. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 41: 33 - 45.
- Hall, E. R. 1984. Geographic variation among brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in North America. Special Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 13: 1 - 16.
- Pasitschniak-Arts, M. 1993. Ursus arctos. Mammalian Species, 439: 1 - 10.
- Ognev, S. I. 1931. Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii: Khishchnye mlekopitayushchie [Mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia: Carnivorous mammals]. Glavnauka, Moscow, 2: 1 - 776 (in Russian).
- Allen, G. M. 1938 - 1940. The mammals of China and Mongolia [Natural History of Central Asia (W. Granger, ed.)]. Central Asiatic Expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 11: pt. 1: 1 - 620 [1938]; pt. 2: 621 - 1350 [1940].
- Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp.
- Gao Yao-ting (ed.). 1987. [Fauna Sinica, Mammalia: Carnivora]. Science Press, Academia Sinica, Beijing, 377 pp. (in Chinese).
- Stroganov, S. U. 1962. Zveri Sibiri. Khishchye [Animals of Siberia. Carnivores]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 458 pp. (in Russian).
- Pocock, R. I. 1932 b. The black and brown bears of Europe and Asia. Part II. The sloth bear (Melursus), the Himalayan black bear (Selenarctos) and the Malayan bear (Helarctos). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 36 (1): 101 - 138.
- Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1966. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946. Second ed. British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp.