There is a newer version of the record available.

Published May 22, 2024 | Version v2
Publication Open

Eficiencia de los microorganismos y eficacia de las técnicas de biodegradación sobre los plásticos tipo LDPE: Una revisión sistemática

Authors/Creators

  • 1. ROR icon Universidad Señor de Sipán
  • 2. Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas

Description

Introducción: El objetivo de la investigación fue demostrar la eficiencia de los microorganismos y la eficacia de las técnicas de biodegradación sobre los plásticos tipo LDPE. La pregunta de investigación fue ¿Cuál es la eficiencia de los microrganismos degradadores de plásticos tipo LDPE y cuál la eficacia de las técnicas de biodegradación?

Métodos: La revisión sistemática estuvo basada en la declaración de ítems preferidos de reporte para revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis (PRISMA). Los artículos fueron obtenidos de Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), Embase y Google Académico. Los términos de búsqueda DeCS/Mesh fueron: Polietileno de baja densidad, eficiencia, biodegradación, consorcios microbianos, hongos, bacterias. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos científicos que incluyeron bacterias, hongos y consorcios microbianos reportados como degradadores de LDPE que reporten el porcentaje de pérdida de peso; artículos publicados de enero de 2010 a octubre de 2022 y publicaciones en español e inglés con acceso libre. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: estudios que no reportan la gravimetría, el tiempo de biodegradación del LDPE y el género o especie del microorganismo degradador del polietileno.

Resultados: De 483 estudios encontrados, 50 fueron incluidos la presente Revisión Sistemática (RS). Las técnicas de estudio más frecuentes fueron SEM, gravimetría y FTIR, y en caso de los microorganismos, los más estudiados pertenecieron al género Pseudomonas, Bacillus y Aspergillus. En cuanto al lugar de aislamiento los más frecuentes señalados en los artículos revisados fueron suelo de vertederos y de rellenos sanitarios. La eficiencia de los microorganismos degradadores LDPE fue mayor en bacterias como Enterobacter spp., Pantoea spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli y Bacillus spp. que obtuvieron un rango de ED de 9.00-70.00%, 24.00-64%, 1.15 – 61.00%, 45.00% y 1.5-40% con TD de 4-150, 120, 4-150, 30 y 30-120 días, respectivamente; en el caso de hongos los principales microorganismos son Neopestalotiopsis phangngaensis, Colletotrichum fructicola y Thyrostroma jaczewskii con eficiencias de 54.34, 48.78 y 46.34%, en 90 dís respectivamente; y los consorcios microbianos más eficientes fueron de Enterobacter spp. y Pantoea sp. con 38.00 – 81.00%, en 120 días; y, Pseudomonas protegens, Stenotrophomonas sp., B. vallismortis y Paenibacillus sp. con 55. 00 – 75.00% en 120 días.

Conclusiones: Los microorganismos mas eficientes en la degradación del LDPE son Enterobacter spp., Pantoea spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli y Bacillus spp.; en hongos Neopestalotiopsis phangngaensis, Colletotrichum fructicola y Thyrostroma jaczewskii; y en consorcios microbianos, los conformados por Enterobacter spp. y Pantoea sp., y el de                         P. protegens, Stenotrophomonas sp., B. vallismortis y Paenibacillus sp.; y las técnicas más eficaces utilizadas en biodegradación de LDPE son SEM, gravimetría y FTIR

Files

Files (23.5 kB)

Additional details

References

  • 1. Vadera S, Khan S. A Critical Analysis of Rising Global Demand of Plastics and its Adverse impact on Environment Sustainability. J Environ Pollut Manag [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Oct 7];3:1–13. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.18875/2639-7269.3.105 2. Zhang S, Wang J, Yan P, Aurangzeib M. Middle concentration of microplastics decreasing soil moisture-temperature and the germination rate and early height of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. ramosa Hort.) in Mollisols. Sci Total Environ 2023;905. 3. Manish C, Surindra S. Microplastic abundance and characterization in municipal sewage sludge from cities across upper Ganga River, India: Apprising microplastic uptakes and their toxicity in the plant during sludge application in agriculture. Phys Chem Earth Parts ABC [homepage on the Internet] 2023;132(1). Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706523001122 4. Hurley R, Nizzetto L. Fate and occurrence of micro(nano)plastics in soils: Knowledge gaps and possible risks. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health [homepage on the Internet] 2018 [cited 2023 Oct 5];1(1):6–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.006 5. Zeenat, Elahi A, Bukhari DA, Shamim S, Rehman A. Plastics degradation by microbes: A sustainable approach. J King Saud Univ - Sci [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Oct 7];33(6):101538. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364721001993 6. PlasticsEurope. Plásticos – Situación en 2022 [Homepage on the Internet]. 2022;Available from: https://plasticseurope.org/es/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/02/PLASTICOS-SITUACION-2022-esp.pdf 7. Streit-Bianchi M, Cimadevila M, Trettnak W. Mare Plasticum - El mar de plástico Combatir la contaminación plástica a través de la ciencia y el arte [Homepage on the Internet]. 2020;Available from: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-38945-1 8. Moreno DA. Biotransformación de polietileno de baja densidad (LDPE) y LDPE oxo-biodegradable empleando Pleurotus ostreatus y residuos lignocelulósicos de pino (Pinus caribaea) [Homepage on the Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Dec 10];Available from: http://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/40333 9. Prüst M, Meijer J, Westerink RHS. The plastic brain: neurotoxicity of microand nanoplastics. Part Fibre Toxicol [homepage on the Internet] 2020;17(24). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-020-00358-y 10. Barboza LGA, Lopes C, Oliveira P, et al. Microplastics in wild fish from North East Atlantic Ocean and its potential for causing neurotoxic effects, lipid oxidative damage, and human health risks associated with ingestion exposure. Sci Total Environ [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 14];717:134625. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969719346169 11. Senathirajah K, Attwood S, Bhagwat G, Carbery M, Wilson S, Palanisami T. Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested – A pivotal first step towards human health risk assessment. J Hazard Mater [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 14];404:124004. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389420319944 12. Zhang N, Li YB, He HR, Zhang JF, Ma GS. You are what you eat: Microplastics in the feces of young men living in Beijing. Sci Total Environ [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 14];767. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144345 13. Shruti VC, Pérez-Guevara F, Elizalde-Martínez I, Kutralam-Muniasamy G. First study of its kind on the microplastic contamination of soft drinks, cold tea and energy drinks - Future research and environmental considerations. Sci Total Environ [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 14];726:138580. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720320969 14. Makhdoumi P, Amin AA, Karimi H, Pirsaheb M, Kim H, Hossini H. Occurrence of microplastic particles in the most popular Iranian bottled mineral water brands and an assessment of human exposure. J Water Process Eng [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 14];39:101708. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714420305869 15. Bollaín Pastor C, Vicente Agulló D, Bollaín Pastor C, Vicente Agulló D. Presencia de microplásticos en aguas y su potencial impacto en la salud pública. Rev Esp Salud Pública [homepage on the Internet] 2019 [cited 2023 Dec 4];93. Available from: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1135-57272019000100012&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es 16. Tamargo A, Molinero N, Reinosa JJ, et al. PET microplastics affect human gut microbiota communities during simulated gastrointestinal digestion, first evidence of plausible polymer biodegradation during human digestion. Sci Rep [homepage on the Internet] 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 4];12(1):528. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-04489-w 17. Ministerio del Ambiente, MINAM. Cifras del mundo y el Perú [Homepage on the Internet]. Menos Plástico Más Vida. 2020 [cited 2023 Oct 8];Available from: https://www.minam.gob.pe/menos-plastico-mas-vida/cifras-del-mundo-y-el-peru/ 18. Ghatge S, Yang Y, Ahn J-H, Hur H-G. Biodegradation of polyethylene: a brief review. Appl Biol Chem [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Dec 9];63(1):27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-020-00511-3 19. Maroof L, Khan I, Yoo H, et al. Identification and characterization of low density polyethylene-degrading bacteria isolated from soils of waste disposal sites. Environ Eng Res 2020; 20. Gupta KK, Devi D. Characteristics investigation on biofilm formation and biodegradation activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ISJ14 colonizing low density polyethylene (LDPE) surface. Heliyon [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 30];6(7):e04398. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341359/ 21. Jaysree RC, Subhash Chandra KP, Sankar TV. Biodegradability of Synthetic Plastics – A Review. Int J ChemTech Res [homepage on the Internet] 2019 [cited 2023 Oct 8];12(6):125–133. Available from: http://www.sphinxsai.com/2019/ch_vol12_no6/2/(125-133)V12N6CT.pdf 22. Butron SBB. Capacidad de biodegradación de Pseudomonas aeruginosa frente al polietileno de baja densidad. Rev Investig [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 30];9(3):134–147. Available from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7616776 23. Gonzales VC. Capacidad biodegradativa de hongos filamentosos frente al polietileno. Rev Investig Esc Posgrado Univ Nac Altiplano Puno [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Oct 8];9(3):4. Available from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7616773 24. Mohanan N, Montazer Z, Sharma PK, Levin DB. Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation of Synthetic Plastics. Front Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 17];11. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.580709 25. Bhatia M, Girdhar A, Tiwari A, Nayarisseri A. Implications of a novel Pseudomonas species on low density polyethylene biodegradation: an in vitro to in silico approach. SpringerPlus [homepage on the Internet] 2014 [cited 2023 Nov 30];3:497. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409612/ 26. Das MP, Kumar S. Microbial Deterioration of Low Density Polyethylene by Aspergillus and Fusarium sp. Int J ChemTech Res 2014;6:974–4290. 27. Gajendiran A, Krishnamoorthy S, Abraham J. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. 3 Biotech 2016;6(1):52. 28. Kyaw BM, Champakalakshmi R, Sakharkar MK, Lim CS, Sakharkar KR. Biodegradation of Low Density Polythene (LDPE) by Pseudomonas Species. Indian J Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2012 [cited 2023 Nov 30];52(3):411–419. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3460136/ 29. Quinchía A, Maya S. Degradabilidad de polietileno de baja densidad –LDPE- Utilizando Pycnoporus sanguineus 03UTCH 03. Encuentro Int Educ En Ing [homepage on the Internet] 2015 [cited 2023 Nov 30];Available from: https://acofipapers.org/index.php/eiei/article/view/1153 30. Tribedi P, Sil A. Low-density polyethylene degradation by Pseudomonas sp. AKS2 biofilm. Environ Sci Pollut Res [homepage on the Internet] 2013 [cited 2023 Nov 30];20(1):4146–4153. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-012-1378-y 31. Ndahebwa C, Makonde H, Magoma G, Imbuga M. Biodegradability of polyethylene by bacteria and fungi from Dandora dumpsite Nairobi-Kenya ¿. PLOS ONE [homepage on the Internet] 2018 [cited 2023 Oct 8];13(7). Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198446 32. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Rev Esp Cardiol [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Oct 11];74(9):790–799. Available from: http://www.revespcardiol.org/es-declaracion-prisma-2020-una-guia-articulo-S0300893221002748 33. Gallegos MC, Peralta CA, Guerrero WM. Utilidad de los Gestores Bibliográficos en la Organización de la Información para Fines Investigativos. Form Univ [homepage on the Internet] 2017 [cited 2023 Oct 11];10(5):77–87. Available from: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-50062017000500009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en 34. Study Quality Assessment Tools | NHLBI, NIH [Homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 10];Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools 35. Uribe D, Giraldo D, Gutiérrez S, Merino F. Biodegradación de polietileno de baja densidad por acción de un consorcio microbiano aislado de un relleno sanitario, Lima, Perú. Rev Peru Biol [homepage on the Internet] 2010 [cited 2023 Nov 30];17(1):133–136. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1727-99332010000100017&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es 36. Muthumani S, Anbuselvi S. Waste management and enviornment protection – A study with isolation and characterisation of low density polyethylene degradating microbes. Int J ChemTech Res [homepage on the Internet] 2014;7(6):2841–2845. Available from: https://sphinxsai.com/2015/ch_vol7_no6/4/(2841-2845)V7N6.pdf 37. Duddu MK, Tripura KL, Guntuku G, Divya DS. Biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) by a new biosurfactant-producing thermophilic Streptomyces coelicoflavus NBRC 15399T. Afr J Biotechnol [homepage on the Internet] 2015 [cited 2023 Nov 30];14(4):327–340. Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/115636 38. Das MP, Kumar S. An approach to low-density polyethylene biodegradation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. 3 Biotech [homepage on the Internet] 2015;5(1):81–86. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0205-1 39. Deepika S, Jaya Madhuri R. Biodegradation of low density polyethylene by microorganisms from garbage soil. J Exp Biol Agric Sci [homepage on the Internet] 2015;3(1):15–21. Available from: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55913830 40. Abraham J, Gosh E, Mukherjee P, Gajendiran A. Degradación microbiana del polietileno de baja densidad. Am Inst Chem Eng [homepage on the Internet] 2016 [cited 2023 Nov 30];36(1):147–154. Available from: https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ep.12467 41. Skariyachan S, Manjunatha V, Sultana S, Jois C, Bai V, Vasist KS. Novel bacterial consortia isolated from plastic garbage processing areas demonstrated enhanced degradation for low density polyethylene. Environ Sci Pollut Res [homepage on the Internet] 2016 [cited 2023 Dec 9];23(18):18307–18319. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-016-7000-y 42. Skariyachan S, Setlur AS, Naik SY, Naik AA, Usharani M, Vasist KS. Enhanced biodegradation of low and high-density polyethylene by novel bacterial consortia formulated from plastic-contaminated cow dung under thermophilic conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017;24(9):8443–8457. 43. Gajendiran A, Subramani S, Abraham J. Effect of Aspergillus versicolor strain JASS1 on low density polyethylene degradation. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng [homepage on the Internet] 2017 [cited 2023 Nov 30];263(2):022038. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/263/2/022038 44. Ojha N, Pradhan N, Singh S, et al. Evaluation of HDPE and LDPE degradation by fungus, implemented by statistical optimization. Sci Rep [homepage on the Internet] 2017;7:39515. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep39515 45. Awasthi S, Srivastava N, Singh T, Tiwary D, Mishra PK. Biodegradation of thermally treated low density polyethylene by fungus Rhizopus oryzae NS 5. 3 Biotech [homepage on the Internet] 2017;7(1):73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0699-4 46. De la Torre DY, Delos Santos LA, Reyes ML, Baculi RQ. Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene by bacteria isolated from serpentinization-driven alkaline spring. Philipp Sci Lett [homepage on the Internet] 2018;11. Available from: https://scienggj.org/2018-special-issue-1/ 47. Munir E, Sipayung FC, Priyani N, Suryanto D. Potential of bacteria isolated from landfill soil in degrading low density polyethylene plastic. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci [homepage on the Internet] 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 30];126(1):012144. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012144 48. Munir E, Harefa RSM, Priyani N, Suryanto D. Plastic degrading fungi Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus nomius isolated from local landfill soil in Medan. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci [homepage on the Internet] 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 30];126(1):012145. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012145 49. Hikmah M, Setyaningsih R, Pangastuti A. The Potential of Lignolytic Trichoderma Isolates in LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) Plastic Biodegradation. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng [homepage on the Internet] 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 30];333(1):012076. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/333/1/012076 50. Thamizhmarai T, Kannahi M. Biodegradation of Low Density Polyethylene by Aspergillus sps and Pseudomonas sps Isolated from Plastic Dumped Site ─ A SEM Analysis. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2018;50(1):182–187. 51. Priyadarshini P, Rafiq S, Shahina SJ, Ramesh KV. Biodegradation of Low Density Polyethylene(LDPE) by Nocardiopsis alba from municipal landfill in Chennai. 2018;3(8). Available from: https://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v50-1/26.pdf 52. Jayaprakash V, Palempalli U. Effect of Palmitic Acid in the Acceleration of Polyethylene Biodegradation by Aspergillus oryzae. J Pure Appl Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 30];12(4):2259–2268. Available from: https://microbiologyjournal.org/effect-of-palmitic-acid-in-the-acceleration-of-polyethylene-biodegradation-by-aspergillus-oryzae/ 53. Sáenz M, Borodulina T, Diaz L, Banchon C. Minimal Conditions to Degrade Low Density Polyethylene by Aspergillus terreus and niger. J Ecol Eng [homepage on the Internet] 2019 [cited 2023 Nov 30];20(6):44–51. Available from: http://www.jeeng.net/Minimal-Conditions-to-Degrade-Low-Density-Polyethylene-by-Aspergillus-terreus-and,108699,0,2.html 54. Bardají D, Furlan J, Stehling E. Isolation of a polyethylene degrading Paenibacillus sp. from a landfill in Brazil. Arch Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2019;201(5):699–704. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-019-01637-9 55. Islami AN, Tazkiaturrizki T, Rinanti A. The effect of pH-temperature on plastic allowance for Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) by Thiobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. J Phys Conf Ser [homepage on the Internet] 2019 [cited 2023 Nov 30];1402(3):033003. Available from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/3/033003 56. De silva A, Jayasekera A, Nanayakkara C. Identification of potential fungal degraders of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). J Sci [homepage on the Internet] 2019;10:1. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jsc.v10i2.20 57. Kumar K, Devi D. Biodegradation of Low Density Polyethylene by Selected Bacillus sp. Gazi Univ J Sci [homepage on the Internet] 2019 [cited 2023 Nov 30];32(3):802–813. Available from: http://dergipark.org.tr/en/doi/10.35378/gujs.496392 58. Montazer Z, Habibi Najafi MB, Levin DB. In vitro degradation of low-density polyethylene by new bacteria from larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Can J Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2021;67(3):249–258. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0208 59. Butron SB. Capacidad de biodegradación de pseudomonas aeruginosa frente al polietileno de baja densidad. Rev Investig Esc Posgrado Univ Nac Altiplano Puno 2020;9(3):7. 60. Dey AS, Bose H, Mohapatra B, Sar P. Biodegradation of Unpretreated Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) by Stenotrophomonas sp. and Achromobacter sp., Isolated From Waste Dumpsite and Drilling Fluid. Front Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 30];11:603210. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7775675/ 61. Sarker RK, Chakraborty P, Paul P, Chatterjee A, Tribedi P. Degradation of low-density poly ethylene (LDPE) by Enterobacter cloacae AKS7: a potential step towards sustainable environmental remediation. Arch Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2020;202(8):2117–2125. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01926-8 62. Samanta S, Datta D, Halder G. Biodegradation efficacy of soil inherent novel sp. Bacillus tropicus (MK318648) onto low density polyethylene matrix. J Polym Res [homepage on the Internet] 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 30];27(10):324. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10965-020-02296-x 63. DSouza GC, Sheriff RS, Ullanat V, et al. Fungal biodegradation of low-density polyethylene using consortium of Aspergillus species under controlled conditions. Heliyon [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 30];7(5):e07008. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021011117 64. Soleimani Z, Gharavi S, Soudi M, Moosavi-Nejad Z. A survey of intact low-density polyethylene film biodegradation by terrestrial Actinobacterial species. Int Microbiol Off J Span Soc Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2021;24(1):65–73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-020-00142-0 65. Waqas M, Haris M, Asim N, et al. Biodegradable Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus safensis Using Low Density Polyethylene Thermoplastic (LDPE) Substrate. Eur J Environ Public Health [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 30];5(2):em0069. Available from: https://www.ejeph.com/article/biodegradable-potential-of-bacillus-amyloliquefaciens-and-bacillus-safensis-using-low-density-9370 66. Khruengsai S, Sripahco T, Pripdeevech P. Low-Density Polyethylene Film Biodegradation Potential by Fungal Species from Thailand - PubMed. 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 30];7(8):1–18. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34436133/ 67. Khandare SD, Chaudhary DR, Jha B. Marine bacterial biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic. Biodegradation [homepage on the Internet] 2021;32(2):127–143. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-021-09927-0 68. Nadeem H, Alia KB, Muneer F, et al. Isolation and identification of low-density polyethylene degrading novel bacterial strains. Arch Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2021;203(9):5417–5423. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02521-1 69. Chaudhary AK, Chaitanya K, Dalmia R, Vijayakumar RP. Synergistic effect of UV, thermal, and chemical treatment on biological degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Thermomyces lanuginosus. Environ Monit Assess [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 30];193(8):513. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09296-4 70. Skariyachan S, Taskeen N, Kishore AP, Krishna BV, Naidu G. Novel consortia of enterobacter and pseudomonas formulated from cow dung exhibited enhanced biodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene. J Environ Manage 2021;284:112030. 71. Zahari NZ, Abdullah SN, Tuah PM, Cleophas FN. Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and starch – based plastic (SBP) by thermophiles Bacillus subtilis and Candida tropicalis. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng [homepage on the Internet] 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 30];1173(1):012035. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1173/1/012035 72. Perera P, Deraniyagala A, Piumi M, et al. Decaying Hardwood Associated Fungi Showing Signatures of Polyethylene Degradation. Bioresources [homepage on the Internet] 2021;16:7056. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.7056-7070 73. Saira U, Abdullah U, Maroof L, et al. Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Bags by Fungi Isolated from Waste Disposal Soil. Appl Environ Soil Sci [homepage on the Internet] 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 30];2022:e8286344. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2022/8286344/ 74. Maleki Rad M, Moghimi H, Azin E. Biodegradation of thermo-oxidative pretreated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics by Achromobacter denitrificans Ebl13. Mar Pollut Bull [homepage on the Internet] 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 30];181:113830. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X22005124 75. Khruengsai S, Sripahco T, Pripdeevech P. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene by Neopestalotiopsis phangngaensis. J Gen Appl Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2022;68(6):287–294. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060605 76. Liu X, Zhang Y, Sun Q, et al. Rapid colonization and biodegradation of untreated commercial polyethylene wrap by a new strain of Bacillus velezensis C5. J Environ Manage [homepage on the Internet] 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 30];301:113848. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721019101 77. Esmaeili A, Pourbabaee AA, Alikhani HA, Shabani F, Esmaeili E. Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by mixed culture of Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Aspergillus niger in soil. PloS One [homepage on the Internet] 2013;8(9):e71720. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071720 78. Flores P. La problemática del consumo de plásticos durante la pandemia de la covid-19. South Sustain [homepage on the Internet] 2020;1(2):1–9. Available from: https://revistas.cientifica.edu.pe/index.php/southsustainability/article/download/733/750/ 79. Fernández LM, Guevara AX. Revisión bibliográfica de la eficiencia de microorganismos degradadores de polietileno de baja densidad (LDPE) identificados en América y Asia, 2010 - 2022 [Homepage on the Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 9];Available from: http://repositorio.unprg.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12893/11804 80. Barriuso J. Consorcios microbianos para la degradación de plásticos convencionales (PID2020-114210RB-I00), 2020-2024. [Homepage on the Internet]. Cent. Investig. Biológicas Margarita Salas - CIB Margarita Salas. 2020 [cited 2023 Dec 9];Available from: https://www.cib.csic.es/es/project/05-consorcios-microbianos-para-la-degradacion-de-plasticos-convencionales-pid2020-114210rb 81. Wani AK, Akhtar N, Sher F, Navarrete AA, Américo-Pinheiro JHP. Microbial adaptation to different environmental conditions: molecular perspective of evolved genetic and cellular systems. Arch Microbiol [homepage on the Internet] 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 30];204(2):144. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00203-022-02757-5