Servant Leadership Meets Health Equity: Examining the Causal Comparative Impact of Black Health Disparities and the United States in the First States to Mandate Implicit Bias Training
- 1. Department James T. George School of Business, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, United States of America (USA).
Description
Abstract: The racial health disparities gap is widening in the United States. This analysis uses a non-experimental quantitative causal-comparative analysis to support the study's findings. The rates and percentages of Black and National variables were compared to highlight devastating and disproportionate Black health disparities. The data focuses on statistics from some of the first states to require healthcare professionals to take implicit bias training. The health disparities chosen are the most prominent ones plaguing the Black community. Additionally, the article will examine how improving organizational behavior by implementing servant leadership will help improve Black health disparities. The research will highlight Black health disparities, implicit bias, organizational behavior, and servant leadership. The research shows that healthcare professionals become aware of their implicit bias to lead ethically by shifting the organizational behavioral approach toward servant leadership. It also revealed that servant leadership provided a more compassionate, caring, empathetic, selfless, and nurturing form of care that will build trust amongst Black patients and patient-provider relationships, lessening Black health disparities stemming from subconscious implicit decisions. The researcher tested the methodology and found that the data provided a comparative analysis between variables and showed the prevalence of Black health disparities in the United States; however, the analysis did not prove causal inference or cause and effect.
Files
G169210070324.pdf
Files
(670.3 kB)
Name | Size | Download all |
---|---|---|
md5:2fb1f1d4b5d751fc887567a02dc124bc
|
670.3 kB | Preview Download |
Additional details
Identifiers
- DOI
- 10.35940/ijmh.G1692.10070324
- EISSN
- 2394-0913
Dates
- Accepted
-
2024-03-15Manuscript received on 14 February 2024 | Revised Manuscript received on 26 February 2024 | Manuscript Accepted on 15 March 2024 | Manuscript published on 30 March 2024.
References
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine. (n.d.). Black/African American Health Disparities. Www.ajpmonline.org. https://www.ajpmonline.org/content/black-african-american-healthdisparities
- APHA. (2020, October 24). Structural Racism is a Public Health Crisis: Impact on the Black Community. Www.apha.org. https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policystatements/policy-database/2021/01/13/structural-racism-is-a-publichealth-crisis
- Arif, S. A., & Schlotfeldt, J. (2021). Gaps in Measuring and Mitigating Implicit Bias in Healthcare. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.633565
- Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dorris, A. D. (2017). Organizational Behavior. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.23
- Austin, J. M., Weeks, K., & Pronovost, P. J. (2021). Health System Leaders' Role in Addressing Racism: Time to Prioritize Eliminating Health Care Disparities. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety, 47(4), 265–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2020.11.010nnjooj
- Blair, I., Steiner, J., & Havranek, E. (2011). Unconscious (Implicit) Bias and Health Disparities: Where Do We Go from Here? The Permanente Journal, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/11.979
- Californa Legislation. (2019). CHAPTER 418. https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/bill-text-242-Courts-attorneysimplicit-bias-training.pdf Californa Legislation. (2019). CHAPTER 418. https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/bill-text-242-Courtsattorneys-implicit-bias-training.pdf
- Cleveland Clinic. (2023, January 4). Coronary Revascularization: Procedure Details & Risks. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24598- revascularization#:~:text=Revascularization%20refers%20to%20a% 20group
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, April 8). Racism and Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/racism-disparities/index.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b, April 12). Working Together to Reduce Black Maternal Mortality | Health Equity Features | CDC. Www.cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/maternalmortality/index.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, November 24). Racism and Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/racism-disparities/index.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019d, February 15). Health Disparities | Healthy Aging | CDC. Www.cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/disparities/index.htm#:~:text=Health%20 disparities%20are%20preventable%20differences
- Cooper, L. A., Roter, D. L., Carson, K. A., Beach, M. C., Sabin, J. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Inui, T. S. (2012). The Associations of Clinicians' Implicit Attitudes About Race With Medical Visit Communication and Patient Ratings of Interpersonal Care. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 979–987. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300558
- Elias, A., & Paradies, Y. (2021a). The costs of institutional racism and its ethical implications for healthcare. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 18(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10073-0
- Falako, S. E. (2022). "It Takes a Village" A Qualitative Analysis of Black Women'sExperiences Navigating Healthcare with High-Risk Perinatal Conditions (Order No. 29168729). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2675553075). http://137.198.76.25/dissertations-theses/takes-village-qualitativeanalysis-black-women-s/docview/2675553075/se2?accountid=11272
- FitzGerald, C., & Hurst, S. (2017). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Medical Ethics, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8
- Fredericks, M. R. (2021). The Role of Organizational Culture on Patient Discharge Planning (Order No. 28960457). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2622644289). http://137.198.76.25/dissertations-theses/role-organizational-cultureon-patient-discharge/docview/2622644289/se-2?accountid=11272
- Gordon, D. (2022, June 23). Health Inequities Could Cost The U.S. Health System $1 Trillion By 2040, New Report Says. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/debgordon/2022/06/23/healthinequities-could-cost-the-us-health-system-1-trillion-by-2040-newreport-says/?sh=6a6c37041ba9
- Gomez, L. E., & Bernet, P. (2019). Diversity improves performance and outcomes. Journal of the National Medical Association, 111(4), 383–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2019.01.006
- Green, A. R., Carney, D. R., Pallin, D. J., Ngo, L. H., Raymond, K. L., Iezzoni, L. I., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). Implicit Bias among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(9), 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0258-5
- Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Paulist Press.
- Hassen, N., Lofters, A., Michael, S., Mall, A., Pinto, A. D., & Rackal, J. (2021). Implementing Anti-Racism Interventions in Healthcare Settings: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062993
- Heyler, S. G., & Martin, J. A. (2018). Servant Leadership Theory: Opportunities for Additional Theoretical Integration. Journal of Managerial Issues, 30(2), 230–243. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45176580
- Jit, R., Sharma, C. S., & Kawatra, M. (2017). Healing a Broken Spirit: Role of Servant Leadership. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 42(2), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090917703754
- Mezu‐Ndubuisi, O. J. (2021). Unmasking Systemic Racism and Unconscious Bias in Medical Workplaces: A Call to Servant Leadership. Journal of the American Heart Association. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.018845
- Minnesota Department of Health. (2022, August 4). First-ever Minnesota maternal mortality report reveals opportunities to prevent maternal deaths - M.N. Dept. of Health. Www.health.state.mn.us. https://www.health.state.mn.us/news/pressrel/2022/maternal080322. html
- Nair, L., & Adetayo, O. A. (2019). Cultural competence and ethnic diversity in healthcare. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000002219
- Nanney, M. S., Myers, S. L., Xu, M., Kent, K., Durfee, T., & Allen, M. L. (2019). The Economic Benefits of Reducing Racial Disparities in Health: The Case of Minnesota. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050742 Oliver, M. N., Wells, K. M., Joy-Gaba, J. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Nosek, B. A. (2014). Do Physicians' Implicit Views of African Americans Affect Clinical Decision Making? The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 27(2), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.02.120314
- Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Gonzalez, R., Albrecht, T. L., Chapman, R., Foster, T., Harper, F. W. K., Hagiwara, N., Hamel, L. M., Shields, A. F., Gadgeel, S., Simon, M. S., Griggs, J. J., & Eggly, S. (2016). The Effects of Oncologist Implicit Racial Bias in Racially Discordant Oncology Interactions. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34(24), 2874– 2880. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.66.3658
- Rinaudo, C. M. (2017). The Effect of Service Learning on Medical Students' Cultural Competence and Servant Leadership (Order No. 13427876). Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2194394704). http://137.198.76.25/dissertationstheses/effect-service-learning-on-medicalstudents/docview/2194394704/se-2
- Siden, J. Y., Carver, A. R., Mmeje, O. O., & Townsel, C. D. (2021). Reducing Implicit Bias in Maternity Care: A Framework for Action. Women's Health Issues, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2021.10.008
- Schwartz, R. W. (2002). The Power of Servant Leadership to Transform Health Care Organizations for the 21st-Century Economy. Archives of Surgery, 137(12), 1419. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.137.12.1419
- Trastek, V. F., Hamilton, N. W., & Niles, E. E. (2014). Leadership Models in Health Care—A Case for Servant Leadership. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 89(3), 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.012
- Tait, B. (2020, March 20). Council Post: Traditional Leadership Vs. Servant Leadership. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2020/03/11/tradi tional-leadership-vs-servant-leadership/?sh=d902974451e6
- Tucker, C. M., Marsiske, M., Rice, K. G., Nielson, J. J., & Herman, K. (2011). Patient-centered culturally sensitive health care: Model testing and refinement. Health Psychology, 30(3), 342–350. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092156/
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2022a, July 1). U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Maryland. Www.census.gov. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MD/BZA115221
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2022b, July 1). U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Michigan. Www.census.gov. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI/PST045222
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2022c, July 1). U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Minnesota. Www.census.gov. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN/PST045222
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2021d, August). 2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country. Census.gov. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-raceethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-moremultiracial.html#:~:text=In%202020%2C%20the%20Black%20or
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). Heart Disease - The Office of Minority Health. Hhs.gov. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlID=19
- Vela, M. B., Erondu, A. I., Smith, N. A., Peek, M. E., Woodruff, J. N., & Chin, M. H. (2022). Eliminating Explicit and Implicit Biases in Health Care: Evidence and Research Needs. Annual Review of Public Health, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052620- 103528
- Williams, D. (2016, April 15). Health disparities between blacks and whites run deep. News. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-inthe-news/health-disparities-between-blacks-and-whites-run-deep/
- World Health Organization. (2022). Health Equity. Www.who.int. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-equity#tab=tab_1
- Zeidan, A. J., Khatri, U. G., Aysola, J., Shofer, F. S., Mamtani, M., Scott, K. R., Conlon, L. W., & Lopez, B. L. (2018). Implicit Bias Education and Emergency Medicine Training: Step One? Awareness. AEM Education and Training, 3(1), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/aet2.10124
- Patton, T. T., Najd, Dr. N., & Ford, Dr. J. (2023). The Impact of Race on Healthcare Coverage for Women in Louisiana and Mississippi. In International Journal of Management and Humanities (Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 19–26). https://doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.a1653.0910123
- Ali, S. S., & Woldearegai, B. T. (2019). Health Seeking Behaviour of Afar Pastoral Community. In International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (Vol. 8, Issue 5s3, pp. 292–296). https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e1065.0785s319
- Dash, Dr. S. (2022). Women of Real and Virtual World: Exploring the Opportunities and Challenges During COVID 19. In Indian Journal of Social Science and Literature (Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 1–4). https://doi.org/10.54105/ijssl.c1010.031322