Published February 12, 2019
| Version v1
Journal article
Restricted
Species Delimitation in Herpetology
Authors/Creators
Description
Hillis, David M. (2019): Species Delimitation in Herpetology. Journal of Herpetology 53 (1): 3-12, DOI: 10.1670/18-123, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/18-123
Files
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFD5AF24E90A6404FFCD0009D2473D4B
Related works
- Cites
- Publication: 10.1073/pnas.1815014116 (DOI)
- Publication: 10.1101/318766 (DOI)
- Has part
- Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.10834052 (DOI)
References
- AGASSIZ, L. 1859. Essay on Classification. Museum of Comparative Zoology, USA.
- ALFOLDI, J., F. DI PALMA, M. GRABHERR, C. WILLIAMS, L. KONG, E. MAUCELI, P. RUSSELL, C. B. LOWE, R. E. GLOR, J. D. JAFFE ET AL. 2011. The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals. Nature 477:587-591.
- AVISE, J. C. 2004. Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution. Sinauer Associates, USA.
- BAIRD, A. B., J. K. KREJCA, J. R. REDDELL, C. E. PEDEN, M. J. MAHONEY, AND D. M. HILLIS. 2006. Phylogeographic structure and color pattern variation among populations of Plethodon albagula on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas. Copeia 2006:760-768.
- BALLARD, J. W. O., AND M. C. WHITLOCK. 2004. The incomplete natural history of mitochondria. Molecular Ecology 13:729-744.
- BARLEY, A. J., J. M. BROWN, AND R. C. THOMSON. 2018. Impact of model violations on the inference of species boundaries under the multispecies coalescent. Systematic Biology 67:269-284.
- BLAIR, W. F. (ed.). 1972. Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, USA.
- BLANCHARD, F. N. 1921. A revision of the king snakes: genus Lampropeltis. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 114: 1-260.
- BOGERT, C. M. 1958. Sounds of North American Frogs: The Biological Significance of Voice in Frogs. Smithsonian Folkways, USA.
- BOIKO, V. P. 1984. The participation of chemoreception in the organization of reproductive behavior in Emys orbicularis (Testudines, Emydidae). Zoologichesky Zhurnal 63:584-589.
- BROWN, L. E., AND J. R. BROWN. 1972. Call types of the Rana pipiens complex in Illinois. Science 176:928-929.
- BROWN, W. M., E. M. PRAGER, A. WANG, AND A. C. WILSON. 1982. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 18:225-239.
- BUFFON, G.-L. L. 1753. Histoire naturelle, generale et particuliere, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte etabli, introduit et annote par Stephane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cedric Cremiere. Vol. 4. HonoreChampion, France.
- BURBRINK, F. T. 2001. Systematics of the eastern ratsnake complex (Elaphe obsoleta). Herpetological Monographs 15:1-53.
- ---. 2002. Phylogeographic analysis of the cornsnake (Elaphe guttata) complex as inferred from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 465-476.
- BURBRINK, F. T., AND T. J. GUIHER. 2015. Considering gene flow when using coalescent methods to delimit lineages of North American pitvipers of the genus Agkistrodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173:505-526.
- BURBRINK, F. T., R. LAWSON, AND J. B. SLOWINSKI. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the polytypic North American ratsnake (Elaphe obsoleta): a critique of the subspecies concept. Evolution 54: 2107-2118.
- CARPENTER, C., AND G. W. FERGUSON. 1977. Variation and evolution of stereotyped behavior in reptiles. Pp. 335-354 in C. Gans and D. W. Tinkle (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 7. Academic Press, USA.
- CASTOE, T. A., A. P. J. DE KONING, K. T. HALL, D. C. CARD, D. R. SCHIELD, M. K. FUJITA, R. P. RUGGIERO, J. F. DEGNER, J. M. DAZA, W. GU, J. REYES-VELASCO ET AL. 2013. The Burmese python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110:20645-20650.
- CHAN, K. O., A. M. ALEXANDER, L. L. GRISMER, Y.-C. SU, J. L. GRISMER, E. S. H. QUAH, AND R. M. BROWN. 2017. Species delimitation with gene flow: a methodological comparison and population genomics approach to elucidate cryptic species boundaries in Malaysian torrent frogs. Molecular Ecology 26:5435-5450.
- COLE, C. J. 1985. Taxonomy of parthenogenetic species of hybrid origin. Systematic Zoology 34:359-363.
- DAREVSKY, I. S., L. A. KURRIYANOVA, AND T. UZZELL. 1985. Parthenogensis in reptiles. Pp. 411-526 in C. Gans (ed.). Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 15. John Wiley and Sons, USA.
- DARWIN, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. John Murray, U.K.
- DAYRAT, B. 2005. Towards integrative taxonomy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85:407-415.
- DE QUEIROZ, K. 1998. The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation: a conceptual unification and terminological recommendations. Pp. 57-75 in D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher (eds.) Endless Forms: Species and Speciation. Oxford University Press.
- ---. 2007. Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology 56:879-886.
- DEVITT, T. J., A. M. WRIGHT, D. C. CANNATELLA, AND D. M. HILLIS. 2019. Species delimitation in endangered groundwater salamanders: implications for aquifer management and biodiversity conservation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 116. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815014116.
- DONOGHUE, M. J., AND J. W. KADEREIT. 1992. Walter Zimmermann and the growth of phylogenetic theory. Systematic Biology 41:74-84.
- DUELLMAN, W. E., AND D. M. HILLIS. 1987. Marsupial frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Gastrotheca) of the Ecuadorian Andes: resolution of taxonomic problems and phylogenetic relationships. Herpetologica 43:141-173.
- FELDMAN, C. R., AND R. F. HOYER. 2010. A new species of snake in the genus Contia (Squamata: Colubridae) from California and Oregon. Copeia 2010:254-267.
- FELSENSTEIN, J. 2004. Inferring Phylogenies. Sinauer Associates, USA.
- FITCH, W. F. 1970. Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins. Systematic Zoology 19:99-113.
- FOLT, B., J. BAUDER, S. SPEAR, D. STEVENSON, M. HOFFMAN, J. OAKS, C. JENKINS, D. STEEN, AND C. GUYER. 2018. Phylogenetic, population genetic, and morphological analyses reveal evidence for one species of eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi). bioRxiv doi:10.1101/318766.
- FONTANETO, D., AND T. G. BARRACLOUGH. 2015. Do species exist in asexuals? Theory and evidence from bdelloid rotifers. Integrative and Comparative Biology 55:253-263.
- FOQUETTE, M. J., JR. 1975. Speciation in chorus frogs. I. Reproductive character displacement in the Pseudacris nigrita complex. Systematic Zoology 24:16-22.
- FORD, N. B. 1986. The role of pheromone trails in sociobiology of snakes. Pp. 261-278 in D. Duvall, D. Muller-Schwarze, and R. M. Silverstein (eds.), Chemical Signals in Vertebrates. Vol. 4. Plenum Publishing, USA.
- FROST, D. R., AND D. M. HILLIS. 1990. Species in concept and practice: herpetological applications. Herpetologica 46:87-104.
- FROST, J. P. 1982. Functional genetic similarity between geographically separated populations of Mexican leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex). Systematic Zoology 31:57-67.
- FROST, J. P., AND J. BAGNARA. 1977. An analysis of reproductive isolation between Rana magnaocularis and Rana forreri (Rana pipiens complex). Journal of Experimental Zoology 202:291-306.
- GHISELIN, M. T. 1974. A radical solution to the species problem. Systematic Zoology 23:536-544.
- GLOYD, H. K., AND R. CONANT. 1990. Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, USA.
- GORMAN, G. C., AND S. Y. YANG. 1975. A low level of backcrossing between the hybridizing Anolis lizards of Trinidad. Herpetologica 31:196-198.
- HAECKEL, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: allgemeine Grundzuge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begrundet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz- Theorie. Georg Riemer, Germany.
- HALL, W. P., AND R. K. SELANDER. 1973. Hybridization of karyotypically differentiated populations in the Sceloporus grammicus complex (Iguanidae). Evolution 27:226-242.
- HARRIS, H. 1966. Enzyme polymorphism in man. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 164:298-310.
- HEBERT, P.D., S. CYWINSKA, S. L. BALL, AND J. R. DEWAARD. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 270:313-321.
- HEDTKE, S. M., AND D. M. HILLIS. 2011. The potential role of androgenesis in cytoplasmic-nuclear phylogenetic discordance. Systematic Biology 60:87-109.
- HELLSTON, U., R. M. HARLAND, M. J. GILCHRIST, D. HENDRIX, J. JURKA, V. KAPITONOV, I. OVCHARENKO, N. H. PUTNAM, S. SHU, L. TAHER ET AL. 2010. The genome of the western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis. Science 328: 633-636.
- HENNIG, W. 1950. Grundzuge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Germany.
- ---. 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics, D. Davis and R. Zangerl (trans.). University of Illinois Press, USA.
- HEY, J. 2006. Recent advances in assessing gene flow between diverging populations and species. Current Opinions in Genetics and Development 16:592-596.
- HILLIS, D. M. 1981. Premating isolating mechanisms among three species of the Rana pipiens complex in Texas and southern Oklahoma. Copeia 1981:312-319.
- ---. 1987. Molecular versus morphological approaches to systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:23-42.
- ---. 1988. Systematics of the Rana pipiens complex: puzzle and paradigm. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19:39-63.
- ---. 2007a. Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42:331-338.
- ---. 2007b. Asexual evolution: can species exist without sex? Current Biology 17:R543-R544.
- HILLIS, D. M., B. K. MABLE, A. LARSON, S. K. DAVIS, AND E. A. ZIMMER. 1996. Nucleic acids IV: sequencing and cloning. Pp. 321-381 in D. M. Hillis, B. K. Mable, and C. Moritz (eds.), Molecular Systematics. 2nd. ed. Sinauer Associates, USA.
- HOLLOWAY, A. K., D. C. CANNATELLA, H. C. GERHARDT, AND D. M. HILLIS. 2006. Polyploids with different origins and ancestors form a single sexual polyploid species. American Naturalist 167: E88-E101.
- HOUCK, L. D., AND P. A. VERRELL. 1993. Studies of courtship behavior in plethodontid salamanders: a review. Herpetologica 49:175-184.
- HUBBY, J. L., AND L. H. LEWONTIN. 1966. A molecular approach to the study of genic heterozygosity in natural populations. I. The number of alleles at different loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 54:577-594.
- HUNTER, R. L., AND C. L. MARKERT. 1957. Histochemical demonstration of enzymes separated by zone electrophoresis in starch gels. Science 125:1294-1295.
- HUXLEY, J. 1942. Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. Allen and Unwin, U.K.
- JACKSON N. D., B. C. CARSTENS, A. E. MORALES, AND B. C. O'MEARA. 2017. Species delimitation with gene flow. Systematic Biology 66:799- 812.
- KELLOGG, P. P., AND A. A. ALLEN. 1953. Voices of the Night: The Calls of 34 Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology, USA.
- KRYSKO, K. L., M. C. GRANATOSKY, L. NUNEZ, AND D. L. SMITH. 2016. A cryptic new species of indigo snake (genus Drymarchon) from the Florida platform of the United States. Zootaxa 4138:549-569.
- LAMARCK, J.-B. 1809. Philosophie Zoologique ou exposition des considerations relatives al'histoire naturelle des animaux. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, France.
- LANSMAN, R. A., R. O. SHADE, J. F. SHAPIRA, AND J. C. AVISE. 1981. The use of restriction endonucleases to measure mitochondrial DNA sequence relatedness in natural populations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 17:214-226.
- LEACHE, A. D., AND M. K. FUJITA. 2010. Bayesian species delimitation in West African forest geckos (Hemidactylus fasciatus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277:3071-3077.
- LEACHE A. D., M. K. FUJITA, V. N. MININ, AND R. R. BOUCKAERT. 2014. Species delimitation using genome-wide SNP data. Systematic Biology 63:534-542.
- LI, J.-T., Y.-D. GAO, L. XIE, C. DENG, P. SHI, M.-L. GUAN, S. HUANG, J.-L. REN, D.-D. WU, L. DING ET AL. 2018. Comparative genomic investigation of high-elevation adaptation in ectothermic snakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 115: 8406- 8411.
- LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Laurentius Salvius, Sweden.
- LINNEN, C. R., AND B. D. FARRELL. 2007. Mitonuclear discordance is caused by rampant mitochondrial introgression in Neodiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) sawflies. Evolution 61:1417-1438.
- LITTLEJOHN, M. J. 1960. Call discrimination and potential reproductive isolation in Pseudacris triseriata females from Oklahoma. Copeia 1960:370-371.
- ---. 1965. Premating isolation in the Hyla eaeingi complex (Anura: Hylidae). Evolution 19:234-243.
- LITTLEJOHN, M. J., AND R. S. OLDHAM. 1968. Rana pipiens complex: mating call structure and taxonomy. Science 162:1003-1005.
- MADDISON, W. P. 1997. Gene trees in species tree. Systematic Biology 46: 523-536.
- MANTON, M. L. 1979. Olfaction and behavior. Pp. 289-301 in M. Harless and H. Morlock (eds.). Turtles: Perspectives and Research. Wiley and Sons, USA.
- MARGULIES, M., M. EGHOLM, W. E. ALTMAN, S. ATTIYA, J. S. BADER, L. A. BEMBEN, J. BERKA, M. S. BRAVERMAN, Y. J. CHEN, Z. CHEN ET AL. 2005. Genome sequencing in open microfabricated high density picoliter reactors. Nature 437:376-380.
- MAYDEN, R.L. 1997. A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement in the saga of the species problem. Pp. 381-423 in M. F. Claridge, H. A. Dawah, and M. R. Wilson (eds.), Species: The Units of Biodiversity. Chapman and Hall, U.K.
- MAYR, E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw-Hill, USA.
- MAYR, E., E. G. LINSLEY, AND R. L. USINGER. 1953. Methods and Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw-Hill, USA.
- MECHAM, J. S. 1969. New information from experimental crosses on genetic relationships within the Rana pipiens species group. Journal of Experimental Zoology 170:169-180.
- MOORE, J. A. 1941. Developmental rate of hybrid frogs. Journal of Experimental Zoology 86:405-422.
- ---. 1944. Geographic variation in Rana pipiens Schreber of eastern North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 82:345-370.
- ---. 1946. Incipient intraspecific isolating mechanisms in Rana pipiens. Genetics 31:304-326.
- ---. 1965. Diploid and haploid hybridization of different populations of the Rana pipiens complex. I. Experiments with females from Mexico. Journal of Experimental Zoology 165:1-20.
- MULCAHY, D. G., AND J. R. MENDELSON III. 2000. Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo Valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17:173-189.
- MULLIS, K. B., AND F. A. FALOONA. 1987. Specific synthesis of DNA in Vitro via a polymerase catalyzed chain reaction. Methods in Enzymology 155:335-350.
- NIETO-MONTES DE OCA, A., A. J. BARLEY, R. N. MEZA-LAZARO, U. O. GARCIA-VAZQUEZ, J. G. ZAMORA-ABREGO, R. C. THOMSON, AND A. D. LEACHE. 2017. Phylogenomics and species delimitation in the knobscaled lizards of the genus Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) using ddRADseq data reveal a substantial underestimation of diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 106:241-253.
- NOWOSHILOW, S., S. SCHLOISSNIG, J.-F. FEI, A. DAHL, A. W. C. PANG, M. PIPPEL, S. WINKLER, A. R. HASTIE, G. YOUNG, J. G. ROSCITO ET AL. 2018. The Axolotl genome and the evolution of key tissue formation regulators. Nature 554:50-55.
- OLAVE, M., E. SOLA, AND L. L. KNOWLES. 2014. Upstream analyses create problems with DNA-based species delimitation. Systematic Biology 63:263-271.
- PADIAL, J.M., A. MIRALLES, I. DE LA RIVA, AND M. VENCES. 2010. The integrative future of taxonomy. Frontiers in Zoology 7:16.
- PAULY, G. B., D. C. CANNATELLA, AND D. M. HILLIS. 2009. Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65:115-128.
- PROBER, J.M., G. L. TRAINOR, R. J. DAM, F. W. HOBBS, C. W. ROBERTSON, R. J. ZAGURSKY, A. J. COCUZZA, M. A. JENSEN, AND K. BAUMEISTER. 1987. A system for rapid DNA sequencing with fluorescent chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides. Science 238:336-41.
- RITTMEYER, E.N., AND C. C. AUSTIN. 2012. The effects of sampling on delimiting species from multi-locus sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65:451-463.
- RUANE, S., R. W. BRYSON JR., R. A. PYRON, AND F. T. BURBRINK. 2014. Coalescent species delimitation in milksnakes (genus Lampropeltis) and impacts on phylogenetic comparative analyses. Systematic Biology 63:231-250.
- RUTHVEN, A. G. 1908. Variations and genetic relationships of the garter snakes. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 61:1-201.
- SAGE, R.D., AND R. K. SELANDER. 1979. Hybridization between species of the Rana pipiens complex in central Texas. Evolution 33:1069-1088.
- SANGER, F., S. NICKLEN, AND A. R. COULSON. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74:5463-5467.
- SCHLICK-STEINER, B.C., F. M. STEINER, B. SEIFERT, C. STAUFFER, E. CHRISTIAN, AND R. H. CROZIER. 2010. Integrative taxonomy: a multisource approach to exploring biodiversity. Annual Review of Entomology 55:421-438.
- SCHWARTZ, M., AND K. MCKELVEY. 2008. Why sampling scheme matters: the effect of sampling scheme on landscape genetic results. Conservation Genetics 10:441-452.
- SIMPSON, G. G. 1961. Principles of Animal Taxonomy. Colombia University Press, USA.
- SITES, J. W., JR. 1983. Chromosomes evolution in the iguanid lizard Sceloporus grammicus. I. Chromosomal polymorphisms. Evolution 37:38-53.
- SLATKIN, M., AND W. P. MADDISON. 1990. Detecting isolation by distance using phylogenies of genes. Genetics 126:249-260.
- SMITHIES, O. 1955. Zone electrophoresis in starch gels: group variations in the serum proteins of normal individuals. Biochemical Journal 61:629-641.
- SOLIS-LEMUS, C., M. YANG, AND C. ANE. 2016. Inconsistency of speciestree methods under gene flow. Systematic Biology 65:843-851.
- STRICKLAND, J. L., C. L. PARKINSON, J. K. MCCOY, AND L. K. AMMERMAN. 2014. Phylogeography of Agkistrodon pisciVorus with emphasis on the western limit of its range. Copeia 2014:639-649.
- SUKUMARAN J., AND L. L. KNOWLES. 2017. Multispecies coalescent delimits structure, not species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114:1607-1612.
- SULLIVAN, J.P., S. LAVOUE, M. E. ARNEGARD, AND C. D. HOPKINS. 2004. AFLPs resolve phylogeny and reveal mitochondrial introgression within a species flock of African electric fish (Mormyroidea: Teleostei). Evolution 58:825-841.
- SUN, Y.B., Z.-J. XIONG, X.-Y. XIANG, X.-L. TU, W.-W. ZHOU, S.-P. LIU, L. ZHONG, L. WANG, D.-D. WU, Y. LI ET AL. 2015. Whole-genome sequence of the Tibetan frog Nanorana parkeri and the comparative evolution of vertebrate genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 112:E1257-E1262.
- TEMPLETON, A. 1989. The meaning of species and speciation: a population genetics approach. Pp. 3-27 in D. Otte and J. A. Endler (eds.), Speciation and its Consequences. Sinauer Associates, USA.
- UZZELL, T. 1964. Relations of the diploid and triploid species of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex (Amphibia, Caudata). Copeia 1964:257-300.
- VONK, F. J., N. R. CASEWELL, C. V. HENKEL, A. M. HEIMBERG, H. J. JANSEN, R. J. R. MCCLEARY, H. M. E. KERKKAMP, R. A. VOS, I. GUERREIRO, J. J. CALVETE ET AL. 2013. The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 110:20651-20656.
- WAKE, D. B., AND C. J. SCHNEIDER. 1998. Taxonomy of the plethodontid salamander genus Ensatina. Herpetologica 54:279-298.
- WAN, Q.-H., S. K. PAN, L. HU, Y. ZHU, P. W. XU, J. Q. XIA, H. CHEN, G. Y. HE, J. HE, X. W. NI ET AL. 2013. Genome analysis and signature discovery for diving and sensory properties of the endangered Chinese alligator. Cell Research 23:1091-1105.
- WANG, Z., J. PASCUAL-ANAYA, A. ZADISSA, W. LI, Y. NIIMURA, Z. HUANG, C. LI, S. WHITE, Z. XIONG, D. FANG ET AL. 2014. The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan. Nature Genetics 45:701-706.
- WASSERMAN, A. O. 1970. Polyploidy in the common tree toad Hyla Versicolor Le Conte. Science 167:385-386.
- WILEY, E.O. 1978. The evolutionary species concept reconsidered. Systematic Zoology 27:17-26.
- WRIGHT, S. 1943. Isolation by distance. Genetics 28:114-138.
- YANG, Z. 2015. The BPP program for species tree estimation and species delimitation. Current Zoology 61:854-865.
- YANG, Z., AND B. RANNALA. 2010. Bayesian species delimitation using multilocus sequence data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107:9264-9269.
- YUAN, Z.-Y., W.-W. ZHOU, X. CHEN, N. A. POYARKOV, H.-M. CHEN, N.-H. JANG-LIAW, W.-H. CHOU, K. IIZUKA, M.-S. MIN, S. L. KUZMIN ET AL. 2016. Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus Rana): a historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms. Systematic Biology 65:824-842.
- ZAMUDIO, K.R., AND W.K. SAVAGE. 2003. Historical isolation, range expansion, and secondary contact of two highly divergent mitochondrial lineages in spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum). Evolution 57:1631-1652.
- ZHANG, C., D. X. ZHANG, T. ZHU, AND Z. YANG. 2011. Evaluation of a Bayesian coalescent method of species delimitation. Systematic Biology 60:747-761.
- ZIMMERMAN, W. 1931. Arbeitsweise der botanischen Phylogenetik und anderer Cruppierungswissenschaften. Pp. 941-1053 in E. Abderhalden (ed.), Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Germany.