Morphosyntactic variation in Old Swahili

The comparative and historical study of Bantu and other African languages is
often based on contemporary, synchronic data since many African languages do not
have a long-written record. In contrast, for Swahili such a record exists in the form
of an extensive tradition of written poetic texts. This study presents a
comparison of the language used in these texts with present-day Standard Swahili,
focusing on morphosyntactic variation. Harnessing the morphosyntactic parameters of
Guérois et al. (2017), we show that present-day Swahili differs from Old Swahili in
terms of loss of variability and loss of morphosyntactic forms, with only limited
cases of innovation. We also show that compared to a sample of 18
neighbouring East African Bantu languages, Standard Swahili shows less similarity to these
neighbouring languages than Old Swahili. We propose that these differences are
related to the sociolinguistic development of Swahili as a language of wider
communication, and the processes of standardisation and regularisation this involved.