2D Nanomaterials Wrapped Janus Micromotors with Built-in Multiengines for Bubble, Magnetic, and Light Driven Propulsion

Graphene oxide, graphdyine oxide, and black-phosphorus coated micromotors integrating “three engines” for motion control using different stimuli such as chemical fuel, light, and magnetic fields are described. Micromotors can be mass-produced by wrapping gold-sputtered polystyrene microspheres with the 2D nanomaterials, followed by simultaneous assembly of Pt or MnO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) as bubble (catalytic)-engines, Fe₂O₃ NPs as magnetic engines, and quantum dots (QDs) as light engines. The design and composition of micromotors are key to get the desired propulsion performance. In bubble-magnetic and bubble-light mode, a built-in acceleration system allows micromotor speed to be increased up to 3.0 and 1.5 times after application of the magnetic field or light irradiation, respectively. In the bubble-magnetic-light mode, such speed increase can be combined in a single unit for on-demand braking and accelerating systems. Fluid dynamics simulations illustrate that such adaptative behavior and improved propulsion efficiency is produced by a better distribution of the fuel and thus energy propelling the micromotor by activation of the magnetic and/or light engines. The new micromotors described here, which combine multiple engines with functional nanomaterials, hold considerable promise to develop novel nanovehicles with adaptative behavior to perform complex tasks in lab-on-a-chips or dynamic micropatterning applications.