Revisiting the Early Islamic Social Strata: A Case Study of the Mawlis

The term Mawali in Arabic refers to non-Arab citizens considered equal to Arabs during the time of the Holy Prophet (SAW). This treatment continued during the Pious Caliphatic rule but later differentiated between Arabs and non-Arab counterparts. The first Pious Caliph continued this non-discriminatory policy, while the second caliph ensured equal treatment without discrimination. During the Umayyad period, the Mawali faced threats, including the Umayyad clan's capture of the Caliphatic slot and Muslim armies. Umayyad governors faced discrimination, leading to disenchantment and instability. Despite some breaches, the overall treatment was humane, with the Islamic idea of equality applying to all.

Keywords: Mawali, non-Arab, Holy Prophet (SAW), Pious, Caliph