Class-changing derivation in Sandawe

Sandawe has a rich system of derivational morphemes which are used to create nouns, verbs and adjectives from other word classes. Nominalising morphemes include agentive /-ì/, instrumental /‑ʔĩ̀ː/ and three main action nominalisers: /‑ʔõ̀ː/, /‑óː/ and /‑sà/. Action nominalisations in particular occur frequently and can be paired with different postpositions in order to express meanings such as causation, intention and volition, and to link clauses. Verbs can be created from adjectives and adverbs by the addition of /‑ts’í/ and from nouns by the addition of /‑sì̥/, whereas the verbalising morphemes /‑sí‑kù̥/, /‑msé/, /‑ ̃́ːkí/, /‑kí/ and /‑kì̥/ can attach to multiple word classes. Adjectivisers include /‑ ̀ʔtʰéː/, which productively derives adjectives and quantifiers from intransitive verbs, and /‑tò/, which derives adjectives from verbs containing object marking.