Asynchronous life cycles contribute to reproductive isolation between two Alpine butterflies

Data from: Asynchronous life cycles contribute to reproductive isolation between two Alpine butterflies

Abstract

Geographic isolation often leads to the emergence of distinct genetic lineages that are at least partially reproductively isolated. Zones of secondary contact between such lineages are natural experiments that allow investigating how reproductive isolation evolves and co-existence is maintained. While temporal isolation through allochrony has been suggested to promote reproductive isolation in sympatry, its potential for isolation upon secondary contact is far less understood. Sampling two contact zones of a pair of mainly allopatric Alpine butterflies over several years and taking advantage of museum samples, we show that the contact zones have remained geographically stable over several decades. Furthermore, they seem to be maintained by the asynchronous life cycles of the two butterflies, with one reaching adulthood primarily in even and the other primarily in odd years. Genomic inferences document that allochrony is leaky and that gene flow from allopatric sites scales with the degree of geographic isolation. Overall, we show that allochrony has the potential to contribute to the maintenance of secondary contact zones of lineages that diverged in allopatry.

Morphology contains the following files:

wing_morpho.R
R scripts for data transformation of wing shape

genital_morpho.R
R scripts for data transformation of genital morphology

Models_used.R:
R scripts used to produce the statistical analyses.

genital_morpho_master_with_pca.txt
Phenotypic data for genital morphology

wing_contemporary_morpho_master_with_pca.txt
Phenotypic data for contemporary wing patterns

wing_historic_morpho_master_with_pca.txt
Phenotypic data for wing patterns from museum samples

The text files contains the following information:

ID    = Individual ID
genotyped_allopatric = was the individual genotyped
latitude
longitude
DATE    = Date of collection
DAY    = Day of collection
MONTH = Month of collection
YEAR = Year of collection
SPOT = Collection site
boxplotID = ID to reproduce boxplot order as used in the paper
colory = color code to plot
cycle = year cycle (2018/19 or 2020/21)
yeartype = even or odd year
genital_x_LM1 = linear measure of genital landmark 1 along the x axis
genital_y_LM1 = linear measure of genital landmark 1 along the y axis
genital_x_LM2 = linear measure of genital landmark 2 along the x axis    
genital_y_LM2 = linear measure of genital landmark 2 along the y axis    
genital_x_LM3 = linear measure of genital landmark 3 along the x axis    
genital_y_LM3 = linear measure of genital landmark 3 along the y axis    
genital_x_LM4 = linear measure of genital landmark 4 along the x axis    
genital_y_LM4 = linear measure of genital landmark 4 along the y axis    
genital_x_LM5 = linear measure of genital landmark 5 along the x axis    
genital_y_LM5 = linear measure of genital landmark 5 along the y axis    
v_t1 = length relationship between v and t1
v_t2 = length relationship between v and t2    
v_t3 = length relationship between v and t3    
t3_t1 = length relationship between t3_t1    
t3_t2 = length relationship between t3_t2    
t2_t1 = length relationship between t2_t1    
v_tg = length relationship between v and tg    
PC1.x    = PC1 axis for unprojected morphospace
PC2.x    = PC2 axis for unprojected morphospace    
PC3.x    = PC3 axis for unprojected morphospace    
PC4.x    = PC4 axis for unprojected morphospace    
PC5.x    = PC5 axis for unprojected morphospace    
PC6.x    = PC6 axis for unprojected morphospace    
PC7.x    = PC7 axis for unprojected morphospace    
PC1.y    = PC1 axis for projected morphospace    
PC2.y    = PC2 axis for projected morphospace    
PC3.y    = PC3 axis for projected morphospace    
PC4.y    = PC4 axis for projected morphospace    
PC5.y    = PC5 axis for projected morphospace    
PC6.y    = PC6 axis for projected morphospace    
PC7.y    = PC7 axis for projected morphospace

wing_ProcCoord1 = Procrustes coordinate 1
wing_ProcCoord2 = Procrustes coordinate 2
wing_ProcCoord3 = Procrustes coordinate 3
wing_ProcCoord4 = Procrustes coordinate 4
wing_ProcCoord5 = Procrustes coordinate 5
wing_ProcCoord6 = Procrustes coordinate 6
wing_ProcCoord7 = Procrustes coordinate 7
wing_ProcCoord8 = Procrustes coordinate 8
wing_ProcCoord9 = Procrustes coordinate 9
wing_ProcCoord10 = Procrustes coordinate 10
wing_ProcCoord11 = Procrustes coordinate 11
wing_ProcCoord12 = Procrustes coordinate 12
wing_ProcCoord13 = Procrustes coordinate 13
wing_ProcCoord14 = Procrustes coordinate 14
wing_ProcCoord15 = Procrustes coordinate 15
wing_ProcCoord16 = Procrustes coordinate 16
wing_ProcCoord17 = Procrustes coordinate 17
wing_ProcCoord18 = Procrustes coordinate 18
wing_ProcCoord19 = Procrustes coordinate 19
wing_ProcCoord20 = Procrustes coordinate 20
wing_ProcCoord21 = Procrustes coordinate 21
wing_ProcCoord22 = Procrustes coordinate 22
wing_ProcCoord23 = Procrustes coordinate 23
wing_ProcCoord24 = Procrustes coordinate 24
wing_ProcCoord25 = Procrustes coordinate 25
wing_ProcCoord26 = Procrustes coordinate 26
wing_ProcCoord27 = Procrustes coordinate 27
wing_ProcCoord28 = Procrustes coordinate 28
wing_ProcCoord29 = Procrustes coordinate 29
wing_ProcCoord30 = Procrustes coordinate 30
wing_ProcCoord31 = Procrustes coordinate 31
wing_ProcCoord32 = Procrustes coordinate 32
wing_ProcCoord33 = Procrustes coordinate 33
wing_ProcCoord34 = Procrustes coordinate 34
wing_ProcCoord35 = Procrustes coordinate 35
wing_ProcCoord36 = Procrustes coordinate 36
wing_ProcCoord37 = Procrustes coordinate 37
wing_ProcCoord38 = Procrustes coordinate 38
wing_ProcCoord39 = Procrustes coordinate 39
wing_ProcCoord40 = Procrustes coordinate 40
wing_ProcCoord41 = Procrustes coordinate 41
wing_ProcCoord42 = Procrustes coordinate 42
wing_ProcCoord43 = Procrustes coordinate 43
wing_ProcCoord44 = Procrustes coordinate 44
wing_ProcCoord45 = Procrustes coordinate 45
wing_ProcCoord46 = Procrustes coordinate 46
wing_ProcCoord47 = Procrustes coordinate 47
wing_ProcCoord48 = Procrustes coordinate 48
wing_ProcCoord49 = Procrustes coordinate 49
wing_ProcCoord50 = Procrustes coordinate 50
wing_ProcCoord51 = Procrustes coordinate 51
wing_ProcCoord52 = Procrustes coordinate 52
wing_ProcCoord53 = Procrustes coordinate 53
wing_ProcCoord54 = Procrustes coordinate 54
PC1.x = PC1 unprojected
PC2.x = PC2 unprojected
PC3.x = PC3 unprojected
PC4.x = PC4 unprojected
PC5.x = PC5 unprojected
PC6.x = PC6 unprojected
PC7.x = PC7 unprojected
PC8.x = PC8 unprojected
PC9.x = PC9 unprojected
PC10.x = PC10 unprojected
PC11.x = PC11 unprojected
PC12.x = PC12 unprojected
PC13.x = PC13 unprojected
PC14.x = PC14 unprojected
PC15.x = PC15 unprojected
PC16.x = PC16 unprojected
PC17.x = PC17 unprojected
PC18.x = PC18 unprojected
PC19.x = PC19 unprojected
PC20.x = PC20 unprojected
PC21.x = PC21 unprojected
PC22.x = PC22 unprojected
PC23.x = PC23 unprojected
PC24.x = PC24 unprojected
PC25.x = PC25 unprojected
PC26.x = PC26 unprojected
PC27.x = PC27 unprojected
PC28.x = PC28 unprojected
PC29.x = PC29 unprojected
PC30.x = PC30 unprojected
PC31.x = PC31 unprojected
PC32.x = PC32 unprojected
PC33.x = PC33 unprojected
PC34.x = PC34 unprojected
PC35.x = PC35 unprojected
PC36 = PC36 unprojected
PC37 = PC37 unprojected
PC38 = PC38 unprojected
PC39 = PC39 unprojected
PC40 = PC40 unprojected
PC41 = PC41 unprojected
PC42 = PC42 unprojected
PC43 = PC43 unprojected
PC44 = PC44 unprojected
PC45 = PC45 unprojected
PC46 = PC46 unprojected
PC47 = PC47 unprojected
PC48 = PC48 unprojected
PC49 = PC49 unprojected
PC50 = PC50 unprojected
PC51 = PC51 unprojected
PC52 = PC52 unprojected
PC53 = PC53 unprojected
PC54 = PC54 unprojected
PC1.y = PC1 projected
PC2.y = PC2 projected
PC3.y = PC3 projected
PC4.y = PC4 projected
PC5.y = PC5 projected
PC6.y = PC6 projected
PC7.y = PC7 projected
PC8.y = PC8 projected
PC9.y = PC9 projected
PC10.y = PC10 projected
PC11.y = PC11 projected
PC12.y = PC12 projected
PC13.y = PC13 projected
PC14.y = PC14 projected
PC15.y = PC15 projected
PC16.y = PC16 projected
PC17.y = PC17 projected
PC18.y = PC18 projected
PC19.y = PC19 projected
PC20.y = PC20 projected
PC21.y = PC21 projected
PC22.y = PC22 projected
PC23.y = PC23 projected
PC24.y = PC24 projected
PC25.y = PC25 projected
PC26.y = PC26 projected
PC27.y = PC27 projected
PC28.y = PC28 projected
PC29.y = PC29 projected
PC30.y = PC30 projected
PC31.y = PC31 projected
PC32.y = PC32 projected
PC33.y = PC33 projected
PC34.y = PC34 projected
PC35.y = PC35 projected

Genomics contains the following files (Genomic data is available from NCBI BioProject: PRJNA1019795):

all_euryale_calls.vcf.gz
The unfiltered VCF file

euryale_V2.sh
Shell script for the genomic data analysis

introgress.R
R script for running Introgress

introgress_all_east2.txt
Output of Introgress for the Eastern contact zone

introgress_all_west2.txt
Output of Introgress for the Western contact zone

Admixture_output.txt
Output of Admixture assuming either 2 or 3 genomic clusters (K) with the respective population and ID

Outliers2BombyxMori.txt
BLAST summary of outlier regions against Bombyx Mori

Outliers2ManjolaJurtina.txt
BLAST summary of outlier regions against Manjola jurtina

Outliers2ParargeAegeria.txt
BLAST summary of outlier regions against Pararge aegeria