Fast formation of anode-free Li-metal batteries by pulsed current

This work investigates the electroplating of metallic Li onto a Cu foil current collector under constant-current and pulsed current formation protocols. In addition to smoother, less resistive electroplated metallic Li deposits and increased Coulombic efficiency, we show that by employing an optimized pulsed current formation protocol, the formation process is accelerated by a factor of 2 compared to a C/20 protocol. Finally, by employing a simple regression coupled to experimentation, we propose the pseudo-IR-drop to be used for live adjustment of pulsed current protocols i.e., individually approach each cell at all SOC during formation.

The raw data and analysis codes support publication Fast formation of anode-free Li-metal batteries by pulsed current. 

The csv files contain raw data after formation with formation condition in description, accompanied by Jupyter notebook with data analysis for each cell. The Electrochemical impedance image was generated by EIS Jupyter notebook, and XGBoost regression performed in XGBoost Jupyter files.