Relationship between climate change, military action and the activation of anthrax spores and the risks of spread to animals and humans

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that typically infects ungulates and warm-blooded mammals, including humans. This paper demonstrated that war and climate change are factors for the emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases, especially Anthrax that have serious significance for animals and public health. Ukraine should pay attention to anthrax cases during its war with Russia because B. anthracis is a potential bioterrorism agent.