The influence of twin tunnel excavation on single and group pile loading by physical modeling

This study uses small-scale physical models to assess the interaction between piles and twin tunnels, considering varying tunnel distances and surface loads. The excavation process of the tunnels is simulated by gradually releasing air pressure from rubber tubes while hydraulic jacks apply loads to aluminum piles. Surface linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) and strain gauges are utilized for measuring pile responses. Data related to bending moment and axial forces extracted from tests are also provided.