Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors/Creators
- 1. 1Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, USA 2Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, USA 3Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA 4Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 5Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center, Wilkes-Barre, PA
Description
The global increase in the number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the resulting end-stage renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy threatens to reach epidemic proportions in the next decade, and few countries have the strong economies to meet the challenges. As a result, a shift in the overall approach to CKD from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treatment to considerably more active primary and secondary prevention is required. In this review, we examine the epidemiology of CKD worldwide, focusing on the early detection and prevention of CKD and the feasibility of CKD detection and primary prevention methods. We also look at risk factors and markers for progressive CKD. We examine the current understanding of the mechanisms leading to ESRD to inform current and future interventions and the evidence for interventions to slow the progression of CKD. Finally, we provide strategic recommendations based on future research to halt the global growth of chronic diseases.