The Benzo Research Project: An evaluation of recreational benzodiazepine use amongst UK young people (18-25)
Contributors
Description
The Benzo Research Project is a student-led group researching recreational benzodiazepine (benzo) use in young people across the UK with the aim of sparking conversation and raising awareness of the emerging issues surrounding this. It was set up in Summer 2021, and has had over 50 young people volunteering 4,000 hours over 16 months, conducted entirely online via WhatsApp group chats and Zoom calls.
Over the course of 16 months, the Benzo Research Project collected 81 anonymous testimonies and counting on non-medical benzo use amongst young people (18-25) in the UK. We conducted an inductive thematic analysis of 73 testimonies received between March and September 2022. Respondents were prompted with questions on:
- Young people’s experiences on benzos, whether positive, neutral, or negative
- Their opinions on the connection between benzo use, education, and music subcultures
- Previous experiences of accessing support services
- What effective drug support would look like to them
- Blackouts
- Experiences of those who’ve been around others on benzos but not taken it themselves
When submitting, participants could choose to give us demographic information such as place of residence and gender, however this was optional.
More information on the submission process, our privacy policy (Appendix 4) and the consent form (Appendix 3) can be found in the appendix section of this report.
Notes
Files
V1-02_The_Benzo_Research_Project_Bright_Martin_Richards_Morie_230410.pdf
Files
(3.3 MB)
Name | Size | Download all |
---|---|---|
md5:715ef856b5c87d808dfcbcc8306c46bd
|
3.3 MB | Preview Download |
Additional details
Identifiers
Related works
- Is identical to
- Report: https://benzoresearchteam.weebly.com/report.html (URL)
- Report: https://youthrise.org/resources/the-benzo-research-project-an-evaluation-of-recreational-benzodiazepine-use-amongst-uk-young-people-18-25/ (URL)
- Is new version of
- Report: 10.5281/zenodo.7513707 (DOI)
- Is version of
- Report: https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/37781/ (URL)
- Report: https://idpc.net/publications/2023/01/the-benzo-research-project-an-evaluation-of-recreational-benzodiazepine-use-amongst-uk-young (URL)
References
- Alonso, Fernanda. 2015. 'Synthetic Drugs: Prohibition's Latest Creation'. O'Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law (blog). 8 2015. https://oneill.law.georgetown.edu/synthetic-drugs-prohibitions-latest-creation/.
- Ashton, C. Heather. 2002. 'Benzodiazepines: How They Work & How to Withdraw'. Benzo.Org.Uk. August 2002. https://benzo.org.uk/manual/.
- Ashton, C. Heather. 2007. 'Benzodiazepine Equivalence Table'. Benzo.Org.Uk. 2007. https://www.benzo.org.uk/bzequiv.htm.
- Billioti de Gage, Sophie, Antoine Pariente, and Bernard Bégaud. 2015. 'Is There Really a Link between Benzodiazepine Use and the Risk of Dementia?' Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 14 (5): 733–47. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2015.1014796.
- Bond, A., and M. Lader. 1982. 'A Comparison of the Psychotropic Profiles of Tofisopam and Diazepam'. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22 (2): 137–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00542458.
- Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. 'Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology'. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
- Breen, Paul, and Asim Butt. 2022. 'Deaths Related to Drug Poisoning in England and Wales: 2021 Registrations'. Office of National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/death s/bulletins/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales/2021registrations#drug-pois onings-in-england-and-wales.
- Bright, Joanna, and Zara Nelson. 2022. 'Benzodiazepines and Their Links to UK Youth Culture'. Volteface: The Benzo Blogs (blog). 5 December 2022. https://volteface.me/the-benzo-blogs/, https://volteface.me/the-benzo-blogs/.
- British National Formulary. 2022. 'Hypnotics and Anxiolytics | Treatment Summaries'. NICE. 2022. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/hypnotics-and-anxiolytics/.
- Cowan, Richard C. 1987. 'How the Narcs Created Crack: A War against Ourselves'. National Review 38: 26–31.
- Csete, Joanne, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Michel Kazatchkine, Frederick Altice, Marek Balicki, Julia Buxton, Javier Cepeda, et al. 2016. 'Public Health and International Drug Policy'. Lancet (London, England) 387 (10026): 1427–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00619-X.
- Davies, James, Todd C. Rae, and Luke Montagu. 2017. 'Long-Term Benzodiazepine and Z-Drugs Use in England: A Survey of General Practice [Corrected]'. The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 67 (662): e609–13. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17X691865.
- DEA. 2020. 'Etizolam'. DEA PRB 03-24-20-11. Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section. DEA Diversion Control Division. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/etizolam.pdf.
- Director-General Health and Social Care. 2022. 'Benzodiazepine Use - Current Trends: Evidence Review'. Evidence Review. Scottish Government (Riaghaltas na h-Alba). http://www.gov.scot/publications/evidence-review-current-trends-benzodiazepine-use-sc otland/pages/3/.
- Drucker, Ernest. 1999. 'Drug Prohibition and Public Health: 25 Years of Evidence'. Public Health Reports 114 (1): 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/114.1.14.
- El Balkhi, Souleiman, Caroline Monchaud, Frédéric Herault, Hélène Géniaux, and Franck Saint-Marcoux. 2020. 'Designer Benzodiazepines' Pharmacological Effects and Potencies: How to Find the Information'. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 34 (9): 1021–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119901096.
- EMCDDA. 2013. 'Benzodiazepines Drug Profile'. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2013. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/benzodiazepines_en.
- EMCDDA. 2020. 'EMCDDA Trendspotter Briefing: Impact of COVID-19 on Patterns of Drug Use and Drug-Related Harms in Europe'. Ad hoc publication. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/ad-hoc-publication/impact-covid-19-patterns -drug-use-and-harms_en.
- Greenblatt, Dj, Ri Shader, M Divoll, and Js Harmatz. 1981. 'Benzodiazepines: A Summary of Pharmacokinetic Properties.' British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 11 (S1): 11S-16S. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01833.x.
- Griffiths, Roland R., and Barbara Wolf. 1990. 'Relative Abuse Liability of Different Benzodiazepines in Drug Abusers'. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 10 (4): 237–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199008000-00002.
- Hobbs, Thomas. 2019. 'Xanax: The Drug That Defined the Decade and Changed Rap'. Dazed (blog). 17 December 2019. https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/47214/1/xanax-the-drug-that-changed-rap-lil- peep-juice-wrld-end-of-decade.
- Hockenhull, Joanna, Joshua C. Black, Colleen M. Haynes, Karilynn Rockhill, Paul I. Dargan, Richard C. Dart, and David M. Wood. 2020. 'Nonmedical Use of Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs in the UK'. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 87 (4): 1676–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14397.
- Hofeldt, Ursula. 2021. 'Supporting Frontline Workers to Respond to the Challenge of Street Benzos'. Scottish Frontline Network (blog). 2021. https://www.frontlinenetwork.org.uk/news-and-views/2021/07/supporting-frontline-worker s-to-respond-to-the-challenge-of-street-benzos/.
- Home Office, Department of Health and Social Care, Ministry of Justice, Department for Work and Pensions, Department for Education, and Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities. 2020. 'From Harm to Hope: A 10-Year Drugs Plan to Cut Crime and Save Lives'. HM Government. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/from-harm-to-hope-a-10-year-drugs-plan-to- cut-crime-and-save-lives.
- Iversen, Les, and Ray Hill. 2016. 'Diversion and Illicit Supply of Medicines'. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/diversion-illicit-supply-of-medicines.
- Jenkins, Emily K., Allie Slemon, and Rebecca J. Haines-Saah. 2017. 'Developing Harm Reduction in the Context of Youth Substance Use: Insights from a Multi-Site Qualitative Analysis of Young People's Harm Minimization Strategies'. Harm Reduction Journal 14 (1): 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0180-z.
- Jhanjee, Sonali. 2014. 'Evidence Based Psychosocial Interventions in Substance Use'. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 36 (2): 112–18. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.130960.
- Kapil, V., J. L. Green, C. Le Lait, C. M. Wood, and P. M. Dargan. 2014. 'Misuse of Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs in the UK'. The British Journal of Psychiatry 205 (5): 407–8. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.149252.
- Klebovich, I., and M. Abermann. 1993a. '[Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tofizopam (Grandaxin)]'. Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 63 (2): 83–90.
- Klebovich, I., and M. Abermann. 1993b. '[Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tofizopam (Grandaxin)]'. Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 63 (2): 83–90.
- Lee, Nayeong, and Miriam Boeri. 2017. 'Managing Stigma: Women Drug Users and Recovery Services'. Fusio : The Bentley Undergraduate Research Journal 1 (2): 65–94.
- Marchand, Kirsten, Scott Beaumont, Jordan Westfall, Scott MacDonald, Scott Harrison, David C Marsh, Martin T Schechter, and Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes. 2018. 'Patient-Centred Care for Addiction Treatment: A Scoping Review Protocol'. BMJ Open 8 (12): e024588. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024588.
- Martin, A. J. 2022. 'Benzodiazepines and Post-War America'. Volteface: The Benzo Blogs (blog). 15 June 2022. https://volteface.me/benzodiazepines-post-war-america/, https://volteface.me/benzodiazepines-post-war-america/.
- Mind. 2021. 'Coronavirus: The Consequences for Mental Health'. London: Mind. https://www.mind.org.uk/coronavirus-we-are-here-for-you/coronavirus-research/.
- Moore, K. E., M. D. Stein, M. E. Kurth, L. Stevens, M. Hailemariam, Y. C. Schonbrun, and J. E. Johnson. 2020. 'Risk Factors for Self-Stigma among Incarcerated Women with Alcohol Use Disorder.' Stigma and Health 5 (2): 158–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000182.
- Moosmann, Bjoern, Philippe Bisel, and Volker Auwärter. 2014. 'Characterization of the Designer Benzodiazepine Diclazepam and Preliminary Data on Its Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics'. Drug Testing and Analysis 6 (7–8): 757–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1628.
- Mosher, Clayton J., and Scott Akins. 2007. Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration. SAGE.
- Murphy, Kevin D., Sharon Lambert, Suzanne McCarthy, Laura J. Sahm, and Stephen Byrne. 2018. '"You Don't Feel": The Experience of Youth Benzodiazepine Misuse in Ireland'. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 50 (2): 121–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1371365.
- National Records of Scotland. 2021. 'Drug-Related Deaths in Scotland in 2020'. Document. National Statistics. https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-event s/deaths/drug-related-deaths-in-scotland/2020.
- Neale, Joanne. 2016. 'Iterative Categorization (IC): A Systematic Technique for Analysing Qualitative Data'. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 111 (6): 1096–1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13314.
- NHS England and Personalised Care Group. 2019. 'Universal Personalised Care: Impementing the Comprehensive Model'. Guidance. Personalised Care. London: NHS. https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/universal-personalised-care-implementing-the-co mprehensive-model/.
- Olphen, Juliana van, Michele J. Eliason, Nicholas Freudenberg, and Marilyn Barnes. 2009. 'Nowhere to Go: How Stigma Limits the Options of Female Drug Users after Release from Jail'. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 4 (1): 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-4-10.
- Oppenheim, Maya. 2022. 'More Women than Men Prescribed Anti-Anxiety Drugs "Harder to Come off than Heroin"'. The Independent. 4 October 2022. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/benzodiazepines-more-women-pres cribed-than-men-b2184230.html.
- Ozcubukcu, Arda, and Graham Towl. 2022. 'Illicit Drug Use in Universities: Zero Tolerance or Harm Reduction?' Debate Paper 29. Oxford: Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI). https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2022/03/03/illicit-drug-use-in-universities-zero-tolerance-or-harm- reduction/.
- Ozcubukcu, Arda, and Graham Towl. 2022. 'Illicit Drug Use in Universities: Zero Tolerance or Harm Reduction?' Debate Paper 29. Oxford: Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI). https://www.hepi.ac.uk/2022/03/03/illicit-drug-use-in-universities-zero-tolerance-or-harm- reduction/.
- Population Health, Clinical Audit and Specialist Care Team, NHS Digital, and Sharon Thandi. 2022. 'Psychological Therapies, Annual Report on the Use of IAPT Services, 2021-22'. Psychological Therapies, Annual Reports on the Use of IAPT Services. England: NHS. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/psychological-therapies -annual-reports-on-the-use-of-iapt-services/annual-report-2021-22.
- Pradel, Vincent, Catherine Delga, Frank Rouby, Joëlle Micallef, and Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre. 2010. 'Assessment of Abuse Potential of Benzodiazepines from a Prescription Database Using "Doctor Shopping" as an Indicator'. CNS Drugs 24: 611–20. https://doi.org/10.2165/11531570-000000000-00000.
- Public Health England. 2022. 'Young People's Substance Misuse Treatment Statistics 2020 to 2021: Report'. GOV.UK. 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/substance-misuse-treatment-for-young-people- statistics-2020-to-2021/young-peoples-substance-misuse-treatment-statistics-2020-to-20 21-report.
- Richert, Torkel, Mats Anderberg, and Mikael Dahlberg. 2020. 'Mental Health Problems among Young People in Substance Abuse Treatment in Sweden'. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 15 (1): 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00282-6.
- Rundfeldt, Chris, Katarzyna Socała, and Piotr Wlaź. 2010. 'The Atypical Anxiolytic Drug, Tofisopam, Selectively Blocks Phosphodiesterase Isoenzymes and Is Active in the Mouse Model of Negative Symptoms of Psychosis'. Journal of Neural Transmission 117 (11): 1319–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-010-0507-3.
- Rush, Craig R., Stephen T. Higgins, Warren K. Bickel, and John R. Hughes. 1993. 'Abuse Liability of Alprazolam Relative to Other Commonly Used Benzodiazepines: A Review'. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 17 (3): 277–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80011-9.
- Sanna, Enrico, Fabio Busonero, Giuseppe Talani, Maria Cristina Mostallino, Maria Luisa Mura, Maria Giuseppina Pisu, Elisabetta Maciocco, Mariangela Serra, and Giovanni Biggio. 2005. 'Low Tolerance and Dependence Liabilities of Etizolam: Molecular, Functional, and Pharmacological Correlates'. European Journal of Pharmacology 519 (1–2): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.047.
- Senay, E. C. 1990. 'Addictive Behaviors and Benzodiazepines: 2. Are There Differences between Benzodiazepines in Potential for Physical Dependence and Abuse Liability?' Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse 9 (3–4): 53–64.
- Seppälä, T., E. Palva, M. J. Mattila, K. Korttila, and R. C. Shrotriya. 1980. 'Tofisopam, a Novel 3,4,-Benzodiazepine: Multiple-Dose Effects on Psychomotor Skills and Memory. Comparison with Diazepam and Interactions with Ethanol | SpringerLink'. Psychopharmacology 69: 209–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00427652.
- UN Office of Drugs and Crime. 2016. 'Terminology and Information on Drugs'. ST/NAR/51. United Nations. www.unodc.org/unodc/en/scientists/terminology-and-information-on-drugs_new.html.
- Volkow, Nora. 2022. 'Addiction Often Goes Hand-in-Hand with Other Mental Illnesses. Both Must Be Addressed.' National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Drug Abuse (blog). 27 September 2022. https://nida.nih.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2022/09/addiction-often-goes-hand-in-hand-ot her-mental-illnesses-both-must-be-addressed.
- Voshaar, Richard Oude, Wim Gorgels, Audrey Mol, Anton van Balkom, Marinus Breteler, Eloy van de Lisdonk, Jan Mulder, and Frans Zitman. 2003. 'Predictors of Relapse after Discontinuation of Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use by Minimal Intervention: A 2-Year Follow-up Study'. Family Practice 20 (4): 370–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmg405.
- Wijk, Xander M. R. van, Cassandra Yun, Shirin Hooshfar, Ann M. Arens, Derrick Lung, Alan H. B. Wu, and Kara L. Lynch. 2019. 'A Liquid-Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for Non-FDA Approved Benzodiazepines'. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43 (4): 316–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky092.
- Zawilska, Jolanta B., and Jakub Wojcieszak. 2019. 'An Expanding World of New Psychoactive Substances—Designer Benzodiazepines'. NeuroToxicology 73 (July): 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.015.
- Zhong, GuoChao, Yi Wang, Yong Zhang, and Yong Zhao. 2015. 'Association between Benzodiazepine Use and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis'. PloS One 10 (5): e0127836. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127836.