D3.1 Economic and Financial Instruments to Enhance Biodiversity Outcomes

Economic and financial instruments (E&FIs) provide broad opportunities to address biodiversity- and ecosystem-related issues that emerge during the spatial planning process. However, in order to properly integrate E&FIs to enhance biodiversity outcomes in spatial planning, we need to have a better understanding of the various instruments, their impacts on biodiversity, and their potential interactions with spatial planning. This report documents the research work conducted under Task 3.1, WP3. Before delving into E&FIs that enhance biodiversity, we first screened the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 to understand what biodiversity policies in the context of the European Union imply for spatial planning. Then, we analysed generic E&FIs with the potential to improve biodiversity in terms of their characteristics and interactions with spatial planning