Frequent complications in adult patients related to percutaneous tracheotomy in the intensive care area of the Alfredo Noboa Montenegro Hospital in the period June - October 2021

Airway management is crucial for a patient's health, especially in the intensive care unit, to preserve airway patency. Tracheotomy has been performed for many centuries, and this is a surgical procedure that consists of an approach to the anterior wall of the trachea where an incision is made, and a cannula is placed to allow adequate airflow to the distal part of the trachea. The main objective is to determine the frequency of complications in adult patients related to the percutaneous tracheostomy technique and the benefit of respiratory therapy in the care unit area. It is a retrospective cohort study of 34 patients in whom percutaneous tracheostomy and open tracheostomy were performed to characterize the complications derived from this procedure and the benefit of respiratory therapy with bronchial hygiene techniques as a predictor of decannulation of tracheostomized patients. Patient characteristics, type of procedure, immediate complications, late complications, and types of bronchial hygiene techniques were observed. Clinical histories and a data collection questionnaire were used and recorded in the SPSS system to determine the complications of percutaneous tracheotomy and the benefit of respiratory therapy. The data obtained were organized in frequency distributions and presented in graphs, reporting that the percutaneous tracheotomy procedure was performed on 19 patients (56%) and 44% (15 patients) had an open or surgical tracheotomy, with an age range of 56% and 44% of the patients had an open or surgical tracheostomy. The age range ranged from 46 to 61 years, hemorrhage being an immediate complication that occurs frequently in the ICU and surgical site infection the most frequent late complication in the ICU, to analyze the effectiveness of bronchial hygiene techniques such as ETGOL, DA, TD, TEF, AFE, a total of 17 patients underwent respiratory therapy, of which 12 decannulated within the expected time of 8 to 15 days and without any respiratory complication, while 5 patients decannulated around 25 to 30 days, because there was no collaboration from the patient or because they performed the techniques incorrectly, of the 17 patients who performed respiratory physiotherapy with bronchial hygiene techniques as a predictor of decannulation, 59% corresponding to 10 patients tracheotomized with percutaneous technique and 41% tracheotomized with surgical technique corresponding to 7 patients noting that there are no significant differences in the clinical area, nor respiratory complications in any of the two techniques whose evolution was satisfactory for both techniques, resulting in the effectiveness of respiratory therapy with bronchial hygiene techniques mentioned above.