Phenotypic resistance to pyrethroid associated to metabolic mechanism in Vgsc-L995F resistant-Anopheles gambiae malaria mosquitoes

Pyrethroid resistance selection was performed over 20 generations with Vgsc-L995F Anopheles gambiae Tiassalé strain. Vgsc-L99F-resistant An. gambiae larvae were exposed to a sublethal dose (killing 20% of larvae) of deltamethrin (LS) and adults to PermaNet 2.0 (AS) at a sublethal time (killing 20% of adults) and combining exposure were realized at larvae and adult stages (LAS) and compared to unexposed group (NS). World Health Organization susceptible tube test was performed at each five generation to follow the evolutionary resistance to deltamethrin. The frequency of Vgsc-L995F/S mutation was screened using multiplex TaqMan qPCR method. Then, expression levels of detoxification enzymes associated to pyrethroid resistance, including CYP4G16, CYP6M2, CYP6P1, CYP6P3, CYP6P4, CYP6Z1 and CYP9K1, and glutathione S-transferase GSTe2 were measured.