Biochemical changes in the Muscles of Carp (Labeo rohita) during Immunomodulation and Aeromoniasis

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the supplementary diet of Aqua Fix on the biochemical changes in muscles and disease resistance against A. hydrophila infection in L. rohita.  Three groups (A, B, C) of 6 months old fish were employed in the present study.  Fish of group A and B were treated with Aqua Fix for four days; on day 5 fish of group B and C (fish of group c were fed with normal diet for 4 days) were infected with A. hydrophila (@ 10^-6 CFU/fish).  Another group (D) of fish (untreated and uninfected) served as controls for comparison.  Necropsies were made on day 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 15 after infection in group B and C; fish from group A and D were also necropsied on the same designated days.  Muscle protein, carbohydrate, DNA and RNA were estimated following standard methods.  Results were analyzed for statistical significance and found that Aqua Fix modulates the immunity with regard to the enhanced levels of protein, carbohydrate, DNA and RNA in muscles of L. rohita.  Infectious stress (aeromoniasis) caused the lysis of muscle protein which ultimately led to the abnormal decrease of carbohydrate, DNA and RNA in fish infected with A. hydrophila.

Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila, Labeo rohita, muscle, Aqua Fix, Protein.

REFERENCES

1. Burton, K. (1956). A study of the conditions and mechanisms of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribose-nucleic acid. Biochem. J. 62: 315.
2. Chakraborti, R. and Vasudeva, R.Y. (2006). Achyranthes aspera stimulates the immunity and enhances the antigen clearance in Catla catla. Int. Immunopharmacol. 6: 782-790.
3. Direkbusarakom, S., Ezura, Y., Yashimizu, M. and Herunsalee, A. (1998). Efficacy of Thai traditional herb extract against fish and shrimp pathogenic bacteria. Fish Pathol. 33: 437-441.
4. Dugenci, S.K., Arda, N. and Candan, A. (2003). Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. J. Ethnopharmacol. 88(1): 99-106.
5. Gbadamosi, O., Fasakina, E. and Adebayo, T. (2017). Hepatoprotective and stress – reducing effects of dietary Moringa oleifera extract against Aeromonas hydrophila infection and transportation-induced stress in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings. Livestock Res. for Rural Deve, 29(2): 1-8.
6. Gupta, S.K., Pal, A.K., Sahu, N.P., Dalvi, R., Kumar, V. and Mukherjee, S.C. (2008). Microbial levan in the diet of Labeo rohita Hamilton juveniles: effect on non-specific immunity and histopathological changes after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Fish Dis.31: 649-657.
7. Hannine, N., Salmi, S. and Sitonen, A. (1995). Maximum growth temperature ranges of Aeromonas spp. isolated from clinical or environmental sources. Microbial Ecol. 29: 259-267.
8. Harikrishnan, R. and Balasundaram, C. (2005). Modern trends in Aeromonas hydrophila disease management with fish. Rev. Fish. Sci. 12: 281-320.
9. Harikrishnan, R., Nisha Rani, M. and Balasundaram, C. (2003). Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection.  Aquaculture, 221: 41-50.
10. Jha, B.S. and Verma, B.P. (2002). Effect of pesticidal mixture on protein content in the freshwater fish Clarius batracus. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 12(3): 177-180.
11. Labh, S.N .(2015). RNA: DNA ratio and growth performance of rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fed varied proportion of protein diet during intensive aquaculture. Internat. J. Life Sci. 9(6): 113-122.
12. Lowry, O.H., Rose Brough, N.J., Fare, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951).  Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Che. 193: 265-275.
13. Misra, C.K., Das, B.K., Mukherjee, S.C. and Pattnaik, P. (2006). Effect of long term administration of dietary b-glucan on immunity, growth and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Aquaculture, 255: 82-94.
14. Miyazaki, T., Kageyama, T., Miura, M. and Yoshida, T. (2001). Histopathology of viremia-associated ana-aki-byo in combination with Aeromonas hydrophila in color carp Cyprinus carpio in Japan. Dis, Aquat. Org. 44: 100-120.
15. Muthukumaravel, K., Sivakumar, B., Kumarasswamy, P. and Govindarajan, M. (2013). Studies on the toxicity of pesticide monocrotophos on the biochemical constituents of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Internat. J. Current Biochem. Biotechnol. 2(10): 20-26.
16. Nicholas (1956). The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 220(2): 583-593.
17. Oliva-Teles, A. (2012).  Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish. J. Fish Dis. 35: 83-108.
18. Raman, R.P. (2017). Applicability, feasibility and efficacy of phytotherapy in aquatic animal health management. American J. Plant Sci, 8: 257-287.
19. Sahoo, P.K., Meher, P.K., Mahapatra, K.D. Saha, J.N. Jana. R.K. and Reddy, P.V.G.K. (2004). Immune response is different fullsib families of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita exhibiting differential resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture, 238: 115-125.
20. Sahu, S., Das, B.K., Pradhan, J., Mohapatra, B.C., Mishra, B.K. and Sarangi, N.N. (2007). Effect of Magnifera indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila is Labeo rohita fingerings. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 23: 109-118.
21. Sateesh Pujari, & Estari Mamidala. (2015). Anti-diabetic activity of Physagulin-F isolated from Physalis angulata fruits. The American Journal of Science and Medical Research, 1(2), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7352308
22. Siwicki, A.K., Anderson, D.P. and Ramsey, G.L. (1994). Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 41: 125-139.
23. Thiyagarajan, P., Lakshmi Bhavani, A., Ebbie, M.G. and Chandra, G. (2014). A study on the control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the cat fish by medicinal plants. Sch. Acad. J. Biosci. 2(2): 144-150.
24. Vasudeva Rao, Y., Das, B.K., Jyotyrmayee, P. and Chakrabarti, R. (2006). Effect of Achyranthes aspera on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & ShellFish Immunol. 20(3): 263-273.
25. Vivas, J.B., Carracedo, J., Riano, B.E., Razquin, P. and Lopez-Fierro (2004). Behaviour of an Aeromonas hydrophila aroA live vaccine in water microcosms. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2702-2708.
26. Xavier Innocent, B., Syed Ai Fathima, M. and Siva Rajani, S. (2011). Immune response of Catla catla fed with an oral immunostimulant Plumbago rosea and post-challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Internat. J. Applied Biol. Pharmaceu. Technol, 2(4): 447-454.
27. Yeragi, S.G., Koli, V.A. and Yeragi, S. (2000). Effects of pesticide malathion on protein metabolism of the marine crab Uca merionis. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 10(1): 59-62.