Arsenic bioaccumulation and tolerance in terrestrial fern Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel and aquatic fern, Azolla pinnata R. Br. are related to coordinated but differential responses of their antioxidant defense components

ABSTRACT

Present study aims to analyze the arsenate bioaccumulation and antioxidant defense responses in fronds of terrestrial fern Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel and an aquatic fern Azolla pinnata R. Br. Both the ferns were exposed to increased concentrations of sodium arsenate (As; 0, 20, 60, 100, and 160 mg L^-1) with Hoagland nutrient solution. Shoot dry weight reduced in both ferns at 160 mg As L^-1 with higher decline in A. pinnata than A. prolifera. Fronds accumulated considerably higher As than roots but, compared to A. pinnata, A. prolifera transferred greater amount of As aboveground. Proper coordination among antioxidant defense facilitated high As accumulation in both ferns, but they differed in mechanistic responses. Reduced activities of ascorbate (AsA)-glutathione (GSH) cycle enzymes and increased level of γ-glutamyl transpeptidases (γ-GT) resulted in significant decline in GSH and AsA redox in A. pinnata at 160 mg As L^-1. Contrastingly, powered by increased antioxidant defense capacity and reduced level of γ-GT, A. prolifera prevented As-induced oxidative damage. As triggered oxidative damage in A. pinnata through membrane lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage at 160 mg As L^-1. This consequently inhibited plant growth and As accumulation potential of the aquatic fern.

Key words: Ampeloptens prolifera, Azolla pinnata, Aresenate, antioxidant, oxidative damage.

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