User Experience and Mid-Air Haptics: Applications, Methods, and Challenges

Mid-air haptic feedback presents exciting new opportunities for useful and delightful interactive systems. However, with these opportunities come several design challenges that vary greatly depending on the application at hand. In this chapter, we reveal these challenges from a user experience perspective. To that end, we first provide a comprehensive literature review covering many of the different applications of the technology. Then, we present 12 design guidelines and make recommendations for effective mid-air haptic interaction designs and implementations. Finally, we suggest an iterative haptic design framework that can be followed to create a quality mid-air haptic experience.