Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns
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Tucker, Marlee1
- Schipper, Aafke1
- Adams, Tempe2
- Attias, Nina3
- Avgar, Tal4
- Babic, Natarsha5
- Barker, Kristin6
- Bastille-Rousseau, Guillaume7
- Behr, Domink8
- Belant, Jerrold9
- Beyer, Dean9
- Blaum, Niels10
- Blount, J. David11
- Bockmühl, Dirk12
- Luiz Pires Boulhosa, Ricardo13
- Brown, Michael14
- Buuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar15
- Cagnacci, Francesca16
- Calabrese, Justin17
- Černe, Rok18
- Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon19
- Nyein Chan, Aung20
- Chase, Michael2
- Chaval, Yannick21
- Chenaux-Ibrahim, Yvette22
- Cherry, Seth23
- Ćirović, Duško24
- Çoban, Emrah25
- Cole, Eric26
- Conlee, Laura27
- Courtemanch, Alyson28
- Cozzi, Gabriele8
- Davidson, Sarah29
- DeBloois, Darren30
- Dejid, Nandinsetseg31
- DeNicola, Vickie32
- Desbiez, Arnaud3
- Douglas-Hamilton, Iain33
- Drake, David34
- Egan, Michael7
- Eikelboom, Jasper35
- Fagen, William36
- Farmer, Morgan34
- Fennessy, Julian14
- Finnegan, Shannon37
- Fleming, Christen36
- Fournier, Bonnie38
- Fowler, Nicholas37
- Gantchoff, Mariela37
- Garnier, Alexandre39
- Gehr, Benedikt8
- Geremia, Chris40
- Goheen, Jacob41
- Hauptfleisch, Morgan42
- Hebblewhite, Mark43
- Heim, Morten44
- Hertel, Anne45
- Heurich, Marco46
- Hewison, A. J. Mark39
- Hodson, James38
- Hoffman, Nicholas47
- Hopcraft, Grant48
- Huber, Djuro49
- Isaac, Edmund22
- Janik, Karolina50
- Ježek, Miloš51
- Johansson, Örjan52
- Jordan, Neil53
- Kaczensky, Petra54
- Kamaru, Douglas41
- Kauffman, Matthew41
- Kautz, Todd37
- Kays, Roland55
- Kelly, Allicia38
- Kindberg, Jonas44
- Krofel, Miha56
- Kusak, Josip57
- Lamb, Clayton58
- LaSharr, Tayler41
- Leimgruber, Peter59
- Leitner, Horst60
- Lierz, Michael61
- Linnell, John44
- Lkhagvaja, Purevjav62
- Long, Ryan63
- López-Bao, José Vicente64
- Loretto, Matthias-Claudio29
- Marchand, Pascal65
- Martin, Hans43
- Martinez, Lindsey66
- McBride Jr., Roy67
- McLaren, Ashley68
- Meisingset, Erling69
- Melzheimer, Joerg12
- Merrill, Evelyn58
- Middleton, Arthur6
- Monteith, Kevin41
- Moore, Seth22
- Van Moorter, Bram44
- Morellet, Nicolas39
- Morrison, Thomas48
- Müller, Rebekka12
- Mysterud, Atle70
- Noonan, Michael71
- O'Connor, David72
- Olson, Daniel30
- Olson, Kirk73
- Ortega, Anne41
- Ossi, Federico16
- Panzacchi, Manuela44
- Pratchett, Robert74
- Patterson, Brent68
- Cunha de Paula, Rogerio75
- Payne, John76
- Peters, Wibke77
- Petroelje, Tyler37
- Pitcher, Benjamin78
- Pokorny, Boštjan79
- Poole, Kim80
- Potočnik, Hubert56
- Poulin, Marie-Pier41
- Pringle, Robert66
- Prins, Herbert35
- Ranc, Nathan16
- Reljić, Slaven57
- Robb, Benjamin41
- Röder, Ralf12
- Rolandsen, Christer44
- Rutz, Christian74
- Salemgareyev, Albert81
- Samelius, Gustaf82
- Sayine-Crawford, Heather38
- Schooler, Sarah37
- Şekercioğlu, Çağan11
- Selva, Nuria83
- Samenzato, Paola84
- Sergiel, Agnieszka83
- Sharma, Koustubh82
- Shawler, Avery6
- Signer, Johannes85
- Silovský, Václav51
- Silva, João Paulo86
- Simon, Richard87
- Smiley, Rachel41
- Smith, Douglas40
- Solberg, Erling44
- Ellis-Soto, Diego88
- Spiegel, Orr89
- Stabach, Jared59
- Stacy-Dawes, Jenna90
- Stahler, Daniel40
- Stephenson, John91
- Stewart, Cheyenne28
- Strand, Olav44
- Sunde, Peter92
- Svoboda, Nathan93
- Swart, Jonathan94
- Thompson, Jeffrey95
- Toal, Katrina96
- Uiseb, Kenneth97
- VanAcker, Meredith98
- Velilla, Marianela95
- Verzuh, Tana41
- Wachter, Bettina12
- Whittington, Jesse99
- Wikelski, Martin29
- Wilmers, Christopher100
- Wittemyer, George20
- Young, Julie101
- Zięba, Filip102
- Zwijacz-Kozica, Tomasz102
- Huijbregts, Mark1
- Mueller, Thomas31
- 1. Radboud University Nijmegen
- 2. Elephants Without Borders*
- 3. Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres
- 4. Utah State University
- 5. Monash University
- 6. University of California, Berkeley
- 7. Southern Illinois University Carbondale
- 8. University of Zurich
- 9. Michigan State University
- 10. University of Potsdam
- 11. University of Utah
- 12. Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research
- 13. Instituto Pró-Carnívoros*
- 14. Giraffe Conservation Foundation*
- 15. Wildlife Conservation Society, Mongolia Program*
- 16. Fondazione Edmund Mach
- 17. Center for Advanced Systems Understanding
- 18. Slovenia Forest Service*
- 19. French National Centre for Scientific Research
- 20. Colorado State University
- 21. Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
- 22. Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa*
- 23. Parks Canada
- 24. University of Belgrade
- 25. KuzeyDoğa Society*
- 26. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
- 27. Missouri Department of Conservation
- 28. Wyoming Game and Fish Department
- 29. Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior
- 30. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources*
- 31. Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre
- 32. White Buffalo Inc.*
- 33. Save the Elephants
- 34. University of Wisconsin-Madison
- 35. Wageningen University & Research
- 36. University of Maryland, College Park
- 37. State University of New York
- 38. Government of Northwest Territories
- 39. University of Toulouse
- 40. Yellowstone National Park
- 41. University of Wyoming
- 42. Namibia University of Science and Technology
- 43. University of Montana
- 44. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
- 45. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
- 46. Bavarian Forest National Park
- 47. Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs
- 48. University of Glasgow
- 49. University of Zegreb*
- 50. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation*
- 51. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
- 52. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
- 53. University of New South Wales
- 54. Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
- 55. North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
- 56. University of Ljubljana
- 57. University of Zagreb
- 58. University of Alberta
- 59. Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute*
- 60. Büro für Wildökologie und Forstwirtschaft*
- 61. University of Giessen
- 62. Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation*
- 63. University of Idaho
- 64. University of Oviedo
- 65. Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Expertise, Unité Ongulés Sauvage*
- 66. Princeton University
- 67. Faro Moro Eco Research, Estancia Faro Moro, Departmento de Boquerón*
- 68. Trent University
- 69. Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research
- 70. University of Oslo
- 71. University of British Columbia
- 72. Save Giraffe Now*
- 73. Wildlife Conservation Society Mongolia Program*
- 74. University of St Andrews
- 75. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade
- 76. University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
- 77. Bavarian State Institute for Forestry*
- 78. Taronga Conservation Society Australia
- 79. Faculty of Environmental Protection, Slovenia*
- 80. Aurora Wildlife Research*
- 81. Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK)*
- 82. Snow Leopard Trust*
- 83. Institute of Nature Conservation
- 84. Dimension Research, Ecology and Enviornment (D.R.E.Am. Italia)*
- 85. University of Göttingen
- 86. University of Porto
- 87. New York Department of Parks and Recreation*
- 88. Yale University
- 89. Tel Aviv University
- 90. San-Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance*
- 91. Grand Teton National Park
- 92. Aarhus University
- 93. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
- 94. Welgevonden Game Reserve*
- 95. Guyra Paraguay
- 96. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation*
- 97. Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, Windhoek*
- 98. Columbia University
- 99. Park Canada, Banff National Park Resource Conservation*
- 100. University of California, Santa Cruz
- 101. National Wildlife Health Center
- 102. Tatra National Park*
Description
COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable, with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns, 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals' 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12%, and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.
Notes
The two analysis files are in .xls format, the 1-hour displacement, 10-day displacement and distance to road data are in R Data (.rds) format, and the code is in R format.
Important Note
Please be mindful and respectful of the amount of time, effort, and funds invested in collecting these data. Please read the following recommendations on involving data contributors before using the data.
- These data come from an international collaborative effort with a diverse range of contributors and studies. Each contributed study has their own ecological context and important idiosyncrasies.
- We strongly encourage a collaborative approach when using these data. We encourage you to reach out to the contact person of each study you plan to use data from. In addition to reaching out, we consider it good practice to offer involvement and co-authorship when possible. For each study, the contact person is listed on Dryad (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c59zw3rbd) and Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6915169) and in the Supporting Materials associated with the manuscript.
- Please also note that the data should be used for research, conservation or education purposes. Do not use the data in any way that could jeopardize conservation or animal welfare.
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Related works
- Is source of
- 10.5061/dryad.c59zw3rbd (DOI)