Recommendations on integrating OS (and CS) in HE curricula

This set of recommendations aims to support the readers in integrating OS activities into their higher education curricula and normalising the institution's development process. The report begins by considering the necessity to develop new learning objectives and approaches by reflecting on the current uncertain, complex world. In such an era, knowledge is no longer transmitted straight to the students from the upper level, namely a school or a teacher. Instead, knowledge is cultivated with a bottom-up approach alongside educators, peers and external experts. The INOS consortium believes that Open Science (OS), including Citizen Science (CS), has strong potential to foster new knowledge creation processes by engaging students, educators and other stakeholders in challenge-driven learning activities.