Integrated Circuits - Its Development and Uses

An integrated circuit, sometimes known as a monolithic integrated circuit, is a set of electrical circuits on a single compact flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. A compact chip has a large number of tiny MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field–effect transistors). As a result, circuits created with discrete electrical components are orders of magnitude smaller, quicker, and less expensive. Because of the IC's mass production capability, dependability, and building-block approach to integrated circuit design, standardized ICs have quickly replaced discrete transistor designs. ICs have transformed the world of electronics by being employed in practically every electronic equipment. Computers, cellphones, and other digital home gadgets have become inextricably linked to the structure of modern civilizations, thanks to the small size and low cost of integrated circuits (ICs) like modern computer processors and microcontrollers.