Published November 18, 2020 | Version v1

Flowers are essential to maintain high beetle diversity (Coleoptera) in a Neotropical rainforest canopy

Description

Kirmse, Susan, Chaboo, Caroline S (2020): Flowers are essential to maintain high beetle diversity (Coleoptera) in a Neotropical rainforest canopy. Journal of Natural History 54 (25-26): 1661-1696, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1811414, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1811414

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted. Log in to check if you have access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:02644258FFEBFFF31214FFEAFFC5FFF1
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/02644258FFEBFFF31214FFEAFFC5FFF1

References

  • Adis J, Lubin YD, Montgomery GG. 1984. Arthropods from the canopy of inundated and terra firme forests near Manaus, Brazil, with critical considerations on the Pyrethrum-fogging technique. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 19:223-236. doi:10.1080/01650528409360663.
  • Ahrens D, Schwarzer J, Vogler AP. 2014. The evolution of scarab beetles tracks the sequential rise of angiosperms and mammals. Proc R Soc B. 281:20141470. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1470.
  • Aigner PA. 2001. Optimality modeling and fitness trade-offs: when should plants become pollinator specialists? Oikos. 95:177-184. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.950121.x.
  • Alarcon R, Waser NM, Ollerton J. 2008. Year-to-year variation in the topology of a plant-pollinator interaction network. Oikos. 117:1796-1807. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16987.x.
  • Andrade BM, Oliveira-Filho AT, Soares AR. 1996. Pollination and breeding system of Xylopia brasiliensis Sprengel (Annonaceae) in South-eastern Brazil. J Trop Ecol. 12:313-320. doi:10.1017/ S0266467400009482.
  • Anhuf D, Motzer T, Rollenbeck R, Schroder B, Scarzynski J. 1999. Water budget of the Surumoni crane site (Venezuela). Selbyana. 20(1):179-185.
  • Anhuf D, Rollenbeck R. 2001. Canopy structure of the Surumoni rain forest (Venezuela) and its influence on microclimate. Ecotropica. 7:21-32.
  • Araujo JLO, Quirino ZGM, Neto PCG, Araujo AC. 2009. Sindromes de polinizaCao ocorrentes em uma area de Mata Atlantica, Paraiba, Brasil. Rev Biotemas. 22(4):83-94. doi:10.5007/2175- 7925.2009v22n4p83.
  • Armstrong JA. 1979. Biotic pollination mechanisms in the Australian flora-a review. NZ J Bot. 17:467-508. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1979.10432565.
  • Armstrong JE. 1997. Pollination by deceit in nutmeg (Myristica insipida, Myristicaceae): floral displays and beetle activity at male and female trees. Am J Bot. 84:1266-1274. doi:10.2307/2446051.
  • Armstrong JE, Marsh D. 1997. Floral herbivory, floral phenology, visitation rate, and fruit set in Anaxagorea crassipetala (Annonaceae), a lowland rain forest tree of Costa Rica. J Torrey Bot Soc. 124:228-235. doi:10.2307/2996610.
  • Arndt E, Kirmse S, Erwin TL. 2001. Arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: Agra Fabricius, larval description with notes on natural history and behaviour (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Agrina). Coleop Bull. 55:297-311. doi:10.1649/0010-065X(2001)055[0297:ABONFA]2.0.CO;2.
  • Augspurger CK. 1980. Mass-flowering of a tropical shrub (Hybanthus prunifolius): influence on pollinator attraction and movement. Evolution. 34:475-488. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980. tb04837.x.
  • Baker HG, Baker I. 1982. Chemical constituents of nectar in relation to pollination mechanism and phylogeny. In: Nitecki MH, editor. Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; p. 131-171.
  • Baker HG, Baker I. 1983. Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type. In: Jones CE, Little RJ, editors. Handbook of experimental pollination biology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; p. 117-141.
  • Ballantyne G, Baldock KCR, Rendell L, Willmer PG. 2017. Pollinator importance networks illustrate the crucial value of bees in a highly speciose plant community. Sci Rep. 7:8389. doi:10.1038/s41598- 017-08798-x.
  • Bao T, Wang B, Li J, Dilcher D. 2019. Pollination of Cretaceous flowers. PNAS. 116(49):24707-24711. doi:10.1073/pnas.1916186116.
  • Barth FB. 1985. Insects and flowers: the biology of a partner-ship. Princeton: Princeton University Press; p. 297.
  • Basset Y, Samuelson GA. 1996. Ecological characteristics of an arboreal community of Chrysomelidae in Papua New Guinea. In: Jolivet PHA, Cox ML, editors. Chrysomelidae biology. Volume 2: ecological studies. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing; p. 243-262.
  • Basset Y, Springate ND, Aberlenc H-P, Delvare G. 1997. A review of methods for sampling arthropods in tree canopies. In: Stork NE, Adis JA, Didham RK, editors. Canopy arthropods. London: Chapman & Hall; p. 27-52.
  • Basset Y, Hammond PM, Barrios H, Holloway JD, Miller SE. 2003a. Vertical stratification of arthropod assemblages. In: Basset Y, Novotny V, Miller SE, Kitching RL, editors. Arthropods of tropical forests. Spatio-temporal dynamics and resource use in the canopy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 17-27.
  • Basset Y, Horlyck V, Wright SJ. 2003b. Forest canopies and their importance. In: Basset Y, Horlyck V, Wright SJ, editors. Studying forest canopies from above: the international Canopy crane network. Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and UNEP; p. 27-36.
  • Bawa KS. 1990. Plant-pollinator interactions in tropical rain forests. Ann Rev Ecol Syst. 21:399-422. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.002151.
  • Bawa KS, Beach H. 1981. Evolution of sexual systems in flowering plants. Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 68:254-274. doi:10.2307/2398798.
  • Bawa KS, Bullock SH, Perry DR, Coville RE, Grayum MH. 1985. Reproductive biology of tropical lowland rain forest trees. II. Pollination systems. Amer J Bot. 72:346-356. doi:10.1002/j.1537- 2197.1985.tb05358.x.
  • Bellamy CL. 1986. A new species of Anthaxia (Agrilaxia) Karremans from Natal (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). J Entomol Soc South Afr. 49(2):193-196.
  • Bernhardt P. 1989. The floral ecology of Australian Acacia. In: Stirton CH, Zarucchi JL, editors. Advances in legume biology. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri botanical gardens 29. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden; p. 263-282.
  • Bernhardt P. 2000. Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated angiosperms. Pl Syst Evol. 222:293-320. doi:10.1007/BF00984108.
  • Bernhardt P, Thien LB. 1987. Self-isolation and insect pollination in the primitive angiosperms: new evaluations of older hypotheses. Pl Syst Evol. 156:159-176. doi:10.1007/BF00936071.
  • Biella P, Akter A, Ollerton J, Tarrant S, Janecek S, Jersakova J, Klecka J. 2019. Experimental loss of generalist plants reveals alterations in plant-pollinator interactions and a constrained flexibility of foraging. Sci Rep. 9:7376. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43553-4.
  • Bouchard P, Bousquet Y, Davies AE, Alonso-Zarazaga MA, Lawrence JF, Lyal CHC, Newton AF, Reid CAM, Schmitt M, Slipinski SA, et al. 2011. Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). Zookeys. 88:1-972.
  • Britton EB. 1970. Coleoptera. In: Britton EB, Brown WL, Calaby JH, editors. Insects of Australia. 1st ed. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press; p. 495-622.
  • Brosi BJ. 2016. Pollinator specialization: from the individual to the community. New Phytol. 210:1190-1194. doi:10.1111/nph.13951.
  • Buchmann S, Nabhan G. 1996. The forgotten pollinators. Washington (DC): Island Press; p. 312.
  • Burgess KH. 1991. Florivory: the ecology of flower feeding insects and their host plants [PhD Thesis]. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University; p. 224.
  • Burke HR. 1976. Bionomics of the anthonomine weevils. Annu Rev Entomol. 21:283-303. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.21.010176.001435.
  • Cai C, Escalona HE, Li L, Yin Z, Huang D, Engel MS. 2018. Beetle pollination of cycads in the Mesozoic. Curr Biol. 28:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.036.
  • Cardinal S, Danforth BN. 2013. Bees diversified in the age of eudicots. Proc R Soc B. 280:20122686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2686.
  • Colwell RK. 2013. EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 9. User's Guide and application published at. [accessed 2020 Aug 19]. http:// purl.oclc.org/estimates.
  • Cook SM, Murray DA, Williams IH. 2004. Do pollen beetles need pollen? The effect of pollen on oviposition, survival, and development of a flower-feeding herbivore. Ecol Entomol. 29:164-173. doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00589.x.
  • Corlett TR. 2004. Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) region. Biol Rev. 79:497-532. doi:10.1017/S1464793103006341.
  • Crowson RA. 1981. The biology of Coleoptera. London: Academic Press; p. 802.
  • Dafni A, Bernhardt P, Shmida A, Ivri Y, Greenbau S, O'Toole C, Losito L. 1990. Red bowl-shaped flowers: convergence for beetle pollination in the Mediterranean region. Isr J Bot. 39:81-92.
  • Daly DC, Mitchell JD. 2000. Lowland vegetation of tropical South America - an overview. In: Lentz D, editor. Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the pre-Columbian Americas. New York: Columbia University Press; p. 391-454.
  • Dayanandan S, Attygalla DNC, Abeygunasekera AWWL, Gunatilleke IAUN, Gunatilleke CVS. 1990. Phenology and floral morphology in relation to pollination of some Sri Lankan dipterocarps. In: Bawa KS, Hadley M, editors. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants. Paris: Parthenon Publishing Group; p. 103-134.
  • Dinerstein E, Olson DM, Graham DJ, Webster AL, Primm SA, Bookbinder MP, Ledec G, World Wildlife Fund. 1995. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington (DC): World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/ 957541468270313045/A-conservation-assessment-of-the-terrestrialecoregions-.
  • Dobson HEM. 2006. Relationship between floral fragrance composition and type of pollinator. In: Dudareva N, Pichersky E, editors. Biology of floral scent. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis; p. 147-198.
  • Englund R. 1993. Movement patterns of Cetonia beetles (Scarabaeidae) among flowering Viburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae). Option for long-distance pollen dispersal in a temperate shrub. Oecologia. 94:295-302. doi:10.1007/BF00341330.
  • Engwald S, Schmit-Neuerburg V, Barthlott W. 2000. Epiphytes in rain forests of Venezuela - diversity and dynamics of a biocenosis. In: Breckle SW, Schweizer B, Arndt U, editors. Results of worldwide ecological studies. Proceedings of the 1st symposium by the A.F.W Schimper- foundation - from H. and E. Walter - Hoheneim, Oktober 1998. Stuttgart-Hohenheim: Verlag Gunter Heimbach; p. 425-434.
  • Erwin TL. 1983. Tropical forest canopies: the last biotic frontier. Bull Entomol Soc Am. 29:14-19.
  • Erwin TL. 1995. Measuring arthropod biodiversity in the tropical forest canopy. In: Lowman MD, Nadkarni NM, editors. Forest Canopies. San Diego: Academic Press; p. 109-127.
  • Faegri K, Van der Pijl L. 1979. The principles of pollination ecology. Oxford (NY): Pergamon Press; p. 244.
  • Fenster CB, Armbruster WS, Wilson P, Dudash MR, Thomson JD. 2004. Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 35:375-403. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132347.
  • Fishbein M, Venable DL. 1996. Diversity and temporal change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa. Ecology. 77:1061-1073. doi:10.2307/2265576.
  • Frame D. 2003. Generalist flowers, biodiversity and florivory: implications for angiosperm origins. Taxon. 52:681-685. doi:10.2307/4135541.
  • Frankie EG. 1975. Tropical forest phenology and pollinator plant coevolution. In: Gilbert LE, Raven PH, editors. Coevolution of animals and plants. Austin & London: University of Texas Press; p. 192-209.
  • Frankie GW, Baker HG, Opler PA. 1974. Comparative phonological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica. J Ecol. 62:881-919. doi:10.2307/2258961.
  • Fuchs GV. 1974. Die Gewinnung von Pollen und Nektar bei Kafern [The utilisation of pollen and nectar in beetles]. Nat Mus. 104:45-54. German.
  • Galetto L, Bernardello G. 2003. Nectar sugar composition in angisoperms from Chaco and Patagonia (Argentina): an animal visitor's matter? Pl Syst Evol. 238:69-86. doi:10.1007/s00606-002-0269-y.
  • Gandolfo MA, Nixon KC, Crepet WL. 2004. Cretaceous flowers of Nymphaeaceae and implications for complex insect entrapment pollination mechanisms in early angiosperms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:8056-8060. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402473101.
  • Gang H, Zhongjian L, Xueling L, Limi M, Jacques FMB, Xin W. 2016. A whole plant herbaceous angiosperm from the Middle Jurassic of China. Acta Geol Sin. 90:19-29. doi:10.1111/1755- 6724.12592.
  • Garcia-Robledo C, Kattan G, Murcia C, Quintero P. 2004. Beetle pollination and fruit predation in Xanthosoma daguense (Araceae). J Trop Ecol. 20:459-469. doi:10.1017/S0266467404001610.
  • Gardner JA. 1989. Revision of the genera of the tribe Stignodermini (Coleoptera: buprestidae) with a discussion of phylogenetic relationships. Invertebr Taxon. 3:291-361. doi:10.1071/IT9890291.
  • Gasca AHJ, Higuera DD. 2010. Protocols and methods to study of canopy arthropods in Neotropical cloud forest. Rev Colombiana Cienc Anim. 2(2):385-398.
  • Gaston KJ, Williams PH, Eggleton P, Humphries CJ. 1995. Large scale patterns of biodiversity: spatial variation in family richness. Proc R Soc Ser B. 260:149-154.
  • Gentry AH. 1982. Neotropical floristic diversity: phytogeographical connections between Central and South America, Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, or an accident of the Andean Orogeny? Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 69(3):557-593. doi:10.2307/2399084.
  • Goldblatt P, Manning JC. 2006. Radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa. Ann Bot. 97(3):317-344. doi:10.1093/aob/mcj040.
  • Goldburg RJ. 1987. Sequential flowering of neighboring goldenrods and the movements of Epicauta pennsylvanica. a pollen-feeding meloid beetle. Oecologia. 74:247-252. doi:10.1007/BF00379366.
  • Goldstein J, Zych M. 2016. What if we lose a hub? Experimental testing of pollination network resilience to removal of keystone floral resources. Arthropod-Plant Interact. 10:263-271. doi:10.1007/s11829-016-9431-2.
  • Gomez JM, Zamora R. 2006. Ecological factors that promote the evolution of generalization in pollination systems. In: Waser NM, Ollerton J, editors. Plant-pollinator interactions, from specialization to generalization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; p. 145-165.
  • Gomez JM, Bosch J, Perfectti F, Fernandez J, Abdelaziz M. 2007. Pollinator diversity affects plant reproduction and recruitment: the tradeoffs of generalization. Oecologia. 153:597-605. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0758-3.
  • Gottsberger G. 1974. The structure and function of the primitive Angiosperm flower. Acta Bot Neerl. 23:461-471. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1974.tb00962.x.
  • Gottsberger G. 1988. The reproductive biology of primitive angiosperms. Taxon. 37:630-643. doi:10.2307/1221105.
  • Gottsberger G. 1989. Beetle pollination and flowering rhythm of Annona spp. (Annonaceae) in Brazil. Plant Syst Evol. 167:165-187. doi:10.1007/BF00936404.
  • Gottsberger G. 1990. Flowers and beetles in the South American tropics. Bot Acta. 103:360-365. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1990.tb00175.x.
  • Gottsberger G. 1999. Pollination and evolution in neotropical Annonaceae. Plant Species Biol. 14:143-152. doi:10.1046/j.1442-1984.1999.00018.x.
  • Gottsberger G. 2012. How diverse are Annonaceae with regard to pollination? Bot J Linn Soc. 169:170-183. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01209.x.
  • Gottsberger G. 2016. Generalist and specialist pollination in basal angiosperms (ANITA grade, basal monocots, magnoliids, Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllaceae): what we know now. Plant Divers Evol. 131:263-362. doi:10.1127/pde/2015/0131-0085.
  • Gottsberger G, Silberbauer-Gottsberger I. 1991. Olfactory and visual attraction of Erioscelis emarginata (Cyclocephalini, Dynastinae) to the inflorescences of Philodendron selloum (Araceae). Biotropica. 23(1):23-28. doi:10.2307/2388684.
  • Gottsberger G, Silberbauer-Gottsberger I. 2018. How are pollination and seed dispersal modes in Cerrado related to stratification? Trends in a cerrado sensu stricto woodland in southeastern Brazil, and a comparison with Neotropical forests. Acta Bot Bras. 1-12. doi:10.1590/0102- 33062018abb0186.
  • Goulson D. 1999. Foraging strategies of insects for gathering nectar and pollen, and implications for plant ecology and evolution. Persp Plant Ecol Evol System. 2/2:185-209. doi:10.1078/1433-8319- 00070.
  • Grimaldi D. 1999. The co-radiations of pollinating insects and angiosperms in the Cretaceous. Ann Missouri Bot Gard. 86:373-406. doi:10.2307/2666181.
  • Grinfeld EK. 1975. Anthophily in beetles (Coleoptera) and criticism of the cantharophilous hypothesis. Entomol Obozr. 54:18-22.
  • Hamilton AJ, Basset Y, Benke KK, Grimbacher PS, Miller SE, Novotny V, Samuelson GA, Stork NE, Weiblen GD, Yen GDL. 2010. Quantifying uncertainty in estimation of tropical arthropod species richness. Am Nat. 176:90-95. doi:10.1086/652998.
  • Hammer O, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. 2001. PAST: palaeontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electronica. 4(1):9.
  • Hansman DJ. 2001. Floral biology of dry rainforest in north Queensland and a comparison with adjacent savanna woodland. Aust J Bot. 49:137-153. doi:10.1071/BT00017.
  • Hawkeswood TJ. 1978. Observations on some Buprestidae (Coleoptera) from the Blue Mountains. N S W Aust Zool. 19:257-275.
  • Heinrich B, Raven P. 1972. Energetics and pollination ecology. Science. 176:597-602. doi:10.1126/ science.176.4035.597.
  • Herrera CM. 1988. Variation in mutualisms: the spatiotemporal mosaic of a pollinator assemblage. Biol J Linn Soc. 35:95-125. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00461.x.
  • Howe HF, Westley LC. 1986. Ecology of pollination and seed dispersal. In: Crawley M, editor. Plant ecology. Oxford (UK): Blackwells; p. 185-215.
  • Hu S, Dilcher DL, Jarzen DM, Winship Taylor D. 2008. Early steps of angiosperm-pollinator coevolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105:240-245. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707989105.
  • Irvine AK, Armstrong JE. 1990. Beetle pollination in tropical forests of Australia. In: Bawa KS, Hadley M, editors. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants. Man and the biosphere series 7. Carnforth: UNESCO,Paris and Parthenon Publ; p. 135-149.
  • Jackman JA, Lu WH. 2002. 101. MORDELLIDAE Latreille 1802. In: Arnett RH, Thomas MC, Skelley PE, Frank JH, editors. American beetles. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; p. 423-430.
  • Jervis MA. 1998. Functional and evolutionary aspects of mouthpart structure in parasitoid wasps. Biol J Linn Soc. 63:461-493. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb00326.x.
  • Johnson SA, Nicolson SW. 2001. Pollen digestion by flower-feeding Scarabaeidae: Protea beetles (Cetoniini) and monkey beetles (Hopliini). J Insect Physiol. 47:725-733. doi:10.1016/S0022- 1910(00)00166-9.
  • Jolivet P, Hawkeswood TJ. 1995. Host-plants of the Chrysomelidae of the World. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers; p. 281.
  • Kato M. 1996. Plant-pollinator interactions in the understory of a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. Am J Bot. 86:732-743. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12762.x.
  • Kato M, Kakutani T, Inoue T, Itino T. 1990. Insect flower relationship in the primary beech forest of Ashu, Kyoto: an overview of the flowering phenology and the seasonal pattern of insect visits. Contr Biol Lab Kyoto Univ. 27:309-375.
  • Kato M, Kosaka Y, Kawakita A, Okuyama Y, Kobayashi C, Phimminith T, Thongphan D. 2008. Plant - pollinator interactions in tropical Monsoon forests in Southeast Asia. Am J Bot. 95(11):1375-1394. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800114.
  • Kearns CA, Inouye DW. 1997. Pollinators, flowering plants, and conservation biology. BioScience. 47:297-307. doi:10.2307/1313191.
  • Keeler KH. 1977. The extrafloral nectaries of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae). Am J Bot. 64 (10):1282-1288. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1977.tb10810.x.
  • Kevan P, Baker HB. 1983. Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annu Rev Entomol. 28:407-454. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.002203.
  • Kirmse S, Adis J, Morawetz W. 2003. Flowering events and beetle diversity in Venezuela. In: Basset Y, Novotny V, Miller SE, Kitching RL, editors. Arthropods of tropical forests. Spatiotemporal dynamics and resource use in the canopy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 256-265.
  • Kirmse S, Chaboo CS. 2018. Polyphagy and florivory prevail in a leaf-beetle community (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae) inhabiting the canopy of a tropical lowland rainforest in southern Venezuela. J Nat Hist. 52(41-42):2677-2721. doi:10.1080/00222933.2018.1548666.
  • Kirmse S, Chaboo CS. 2019. Extrafloral nectaries mediate the arboreal beetle community (Coleoptera) in a Neotropical rainforest. J Nat Hist. 53(21-22):1313-1349. doi:10.1080/00222933.2019.1650211.
  • Kirmse S, Johnson PJ. 2020. Host-use patterns of canopy-inhabiting click beetles (Coleoptera: elateridae) in a lowland rainforest in southern Venezuela. Insecta Mundi. 0794:1-16.
  • Kirmse S, Ratcliffe BC. 2019. Composition and host-use patterns of a scarab community (Coleoptera: scarabaeidae) inhabiting the canopy of a lowland tropical rainforest in southern Venezuela. Coleop Bull. 73(1):149-167. doi:10.1649/0010-065X-73.1.149.
  • Knudsen JT, Tollsten L. 1993. Trends in floral scent chemistry in pollination syndromes. Floral scent composition in mothpollinated taxa. Bot J Linn Soc. 113:263-284. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993. tb00340.x.
  • Komposch H, Hafellner J. 2000. Diversity and vertical distribution of lichens in a Venezuelan tropical lowland rain forest. Selbyana. 21:11-24.
  • Koptur S, Khorsand R. 2018. Pollination ecology of three sympatric palms of Southern Florida Pine Rocklands. Nat Areas J. 38(1):15-25. doi:10.3375/043.038.0104.
  • Krenn HW, Plant JD, Szucsich NU. 2005. Mouthparts of flower visiting insects. Arthropod Struct Dev. 34:1-40. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2004.10.002.
  • Kress WJ, Beach JH. 1994. Flowering plant reproductive systems. In: McDade LA, Bawa KS, Hespenheide HA, Hartshorn GS, editors. La Selva - Ecology and natural history of a Neotropical rain forest. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press; p. 161-182.
  • Kuchmeister H, Silberbauer-Gottsberger I, Gottsberger G. 1997. Flowering, pollination, nectar standing crop, and nectaries of Euterpe precatoria (Arecaceae), an Amazonian rain forest palm. Plant Syst Evol. 206:71-97. doi:10.1007/BF00987942.
  • Labandeira CC. 1998. How old is the flower and the fly? Science. 280:57-59. doi:10.1126/ science.280.5360.57.
  • Lamborn E, Ollerton J. 2000. Experimental assessment of the functional morphology of inflorescences of Daucus carota (Apiaceae): testing the "fly catcher effect". Funct Ecol. 14:445-454. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00440.x.
  • Listabarth C. 1992. A survey of pollination strategies in the Bactridinae. Bull Inst Fr Etudes Andines. 2I:699-714.
  • Listabarth C. 1994. Pollination and pollinator breeding in Desmoncus. Principes. 3(1):13-23.
  • Listabarth C. 1999. The palms of the Surumoni area (Amazonas, Venezuela). I. Assemblage com position and survey of pollination strategies. Acta Bot Venez. 22:141-151.
  • Lobo JA, Quesada M, Stoner KE, Fuchs EJ, Herrerias-Diego Y, Rojas J, Saborio G. 2003. Factors affecting phenological patterns of bombacaceous trees in seasonal forests in Costa Rica and Mexico. Am J Bot. 90:1054-1063. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.7.1054.
  • Martin Gonzalez AM, Dalsgaard B, Olesen JM. 2010. Centrality measures and the importance of generalist species in pollination networks. Ecol Complex. 7:36-43. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.03.008.
  • McCall AC, Irwin RE. 2006. Florivory: the intersection of pollination and herbivory. Ecol Lett. 9 (12):1351-1365. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00975.x.
  • McKenna DD, Shina S, Ahrens D, Balke M, Beza-Beza C, Clarke DJ, Donath A, Escalona HE, Friedrich F, Letsch H, et al. 2019. The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 116 (49):24729-24737. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909655116.
  • McKeown KC. 1947. Catalogue of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of Australia. Mem Aust Mus. 10:1-190. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1967.10.1947.477.
  • Miller SE, Novotny V, Basset Y. 2002. Case studies of arthropod diversity and distribution. In: Chazdon RL, Whitmore TC, editors. Foundations of tropical forest biology: classic papers with commentaries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; p. 407-413.
  • Momose K, Inoue T. 1994. Pollination syndromes in the plant-pollinator community in the lowland mixed dipterocarp forests of Sarawak. In: Inoue T, Hamid A, editors. Plant reproductive systems and animal seasonal dynamics. Canopy biology program in Sarawak (CBPS): series 1. Japan: Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University; p. 119-141.
  • Momose K, Yumoto T, Nagamitsu T, Kato M, Nagamitsu M, Sakai S, Harrison RD, Itioka T, Hamid AA, Inoue T. 1998. Pollination biology in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. I. Characteristics of the plant - pollinator community in a lowland dipterocarp forest. Am J Bot. 85:1477-1501. doi:10.2307/2446404.
  • Montoya D, Rogers L, Memmott J. 2012. Emerging perspectives in the restoration of biodiversity-based ecosystem services. Trends Ecol Evol. 27:666-672. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.004.
  • Morawetz W. 1998. The Surumoni project: the botanical approach toward gaining an interdisciplinary understanding of the functions of the rain forest canopy. In: Barthlott W, Winiger MN, editors. Biodiversity: a challenge for development research and policy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; p. 71-80.
  • Morawetz W, Liebig A, Wesenberg J. 1998. Ein Vegetationsprofil im Untersuchungsgelande des Surumoni-Projektes bei La Esmeralda/Oberer Orinoko [A vegetation profile at the study plot of the Surumoni-project near La Esmeralda/upper Orinoco]. In: Dalitz H, Haverkamp M, Homeier J, Breckle S-W, editors. 11. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Tropenokologie. Bielefeld (German): GTO. Biel. Okol. Beitr. p. 128.
  • Morrone JJ. 2014. Monograph biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa. 3782(1):1-110. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1.1.
  • Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GA, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 403:853-858. doi:10.1038/35002501.
  • Newstrom LE, Frankie GW, Baker HG, Colwell RK. 1994. Diversity of long-term flowering patterns. In: McDade LA, Bawa KS, Hespenheide HA, Hartshorn GS, editors. La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; p. 142-160.
  • Odegaard F, Frame D. 2007. Generalist flowers and phytophagous beetles in two tropical canopy trees: resources for multitudes. Taxon. 56(3):696-706. doi:10.2307/25065853.
  • Nicolson SW. 2007. Chapter 7. Nectar consumers. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E, editors. Nectaries and Nectar. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 289-342.
  • Nicolson SW, Thornburg RW. 2007. Nectar chemistry. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E, editors. Nectaries and nectar. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 215-264.
  • Nieder J, Engwald S, Klawun M, Barthlott W. 2000. Spatial distribution of vascular epiphytes (including Hemiepiphytes) in a lowland Amazonian rain forest (Surumoni crane plot) of southern Venezuela. Biotropica. 32(3):385-396. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00485.x.
  • Olesen JM. 1992. Flower mining by moth larvae vs. pollination by beetles and bees in the cauliflorous Sapranthus palanga (Annonaceae) in Costa Rica. Flora. 187:9-15. doi:10.1016/S0367- 2530(17)32201-6.
  • Olesen JM. 2000. Exactly how generalised are pollination interactions? In: Totland O, Armbruster WS, Fenster C, Molua U, Nilsson LA, Olesen JM, Ollerton J, Philipp M, Agren J, editors. The Scandinavian association for pollination ecology Honours Knut Faegri. Oslo: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters; p. 161-178.
  • Olesen JM, Dupont YL, Ehlers BK, Hansen DM. 2007. The openness of a flower and its number of flower-visitor species. Taxon. 56(3):729-736. doi:10.2307/25065856.
  • Oliveira LourenCo SM, Luiz MF, GonCalves de Jesus F, Costa Carvalho DD, Hornburg M, da Silva Araujo M. 2017. Predispersal infestation of Vochysia haenkeana seeds by Lius conicus. Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria. 47(9):e20160953.
  • Ollerton J, Johnson SD, Hingston AB. 2006. Geographical variation in diversity and specificity of pollination systems. In: Waser NM, Ollerton J, editors. Plant-pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; p. 283-308.
  • Ollerton J. 2012. Biogeography: are tropical species less specialised? Curr Biol. 22:R914-R915. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.023.
  • Ollerton J. 2017. Pollinator diversity: distribution, ecological function, and conservation. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 48:353-376. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022919.
  • Ollerton J, Cranmer L. 2002. Latitudinal trends in plant-pollinator interactions: are tropical plants more specialised? Oikos. 98(2):340-345. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980215.x.
  • Ollerton J, Johnson SD, Cranmer L, Kellie S. 2003. The pollination ecology of an assemblage of grassland Asclepiads in South Africa. Ann Bot. 92:807-834. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg206.
  • Ollerton J, Killick A, Lamborn E, Watts S, Whiston M. 2007. Multiple meanings and modes: on the many ways to be a generalist flower. Taxon. 56(3):1-12. doi:10.2307/25065856.
  • Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S. 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos. 120:321-326. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x.
  • Olsen KM. 1997. Pollination effectiveness and pollinator importance in a population of Heterotheca subaxillaris (Asteraceae). Oecologia. 10:114-121.
  • Paton AJ, Brummitt N, Govaerts R, Harman K, Hinchcliffe S, Allkin B, Lughadha EN. 2008. Towards target 1 of the global strategy for plant conservation: a working list of all known plant species- progress and prospects. Taxon. 57:602-611.
  • Petanidou T, Potts SG. 2006. Mutual use of resources in Mediterranean plant-pollinator communities: how specialized are pollination webs? In: Waser NM, Ollerton J, editors. Plant-pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; p. 220-244.
  • Petanidou T, Kallimanis AS, Tzanopoulos J, Sgardelis SP, Pantis JD. 2008. Long term observation of a pollination network: fluctuation in species and interactions, relative invariance of network structure and implications for estimates of specialization. Ecol Lett. 11:564-575. doi:10.1111/ j.1461-0248.2008.01170.x.
  • Pettersson MW. 1991. Pollination by a guild of fluctuating moth populations: option for unspecialization in Silene vulgaris. J Ecol. 79:591-604. doi:10.2307/2260655.
  • Pianka ER. 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. Am Nat. 100:3346. doi:10.1086/282398.
  • Pornon A, Baksay S, Escaravage N, Burrus M, Andalo C. 2019. Pollinator specialization increases with a decrease in a mass-flowering plant in networks inferred from DNA metabarcoding. Ecol Evol. 9:13650-13662.
  • Prance GT. 1979. Notes on the vegetation of Amazonia III. The terminology of Amazonian forest types subject to inundation. Brittonia. 31(1):26-38. doi:10.2307/2806669.
  • Prance GT, Sothers C. 2009. Neotropical Chrysobalanaceae. In: Milliken W, Klitgard B, Baracat A, editors. Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. [accessed 2020 Aug 19]. http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/ families/Chrysobalanaceae.htm.
  • Proches S, Johnson SD. 2009. Beetle pollination of the fruit-scented cones of the South African Cycad Stangeria eriopus. Am J Bot. 96(9):1722-1730. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800377.
  • Proctor M, Yeo P, Lack A. 1996. The natural history of pollination. Portland (OR): Timber Press; p. 479.
  • Ramirez N, Seres A. 1994. Plant reproductive biology of herbaceous monocots in a Venezuelan tropical cloud forest. Plant Syst Evol. 190:129-142. doi:10.1007/BF00986189.
  • Reverte S, Retana J, Gomez JM, Bosch J. 2016. Pollinators show flower colour preferences but flowers with similar colours do not attract similar pollinators. Ann Bot. 118:249-257. doi:10.1093/aob/ mcw103.
  • Richardson DM, Allsopp N, D'Antonio CM, Milton SJ, Rejmanek M. 2000. Plant invasions-the role of mutualisms. Biol Rev. 75:63-99. doi:10.1017/S0006323199005435.
  • Rosas-Guerrero V, Aguilar R, Marten-Rodriguez S, Ashworth L, Lopezaraiza-Mikel M, Bastida JM, Quesada M. 2014. A quantitative review of pollination syndromes: do floral traits predict effective pollinators? Ecol Lett. 17:388-400. doi:10.1111/ele.12224.
  • Sahli HF, Conner JK. 2006. Characterizing ecological generalization in plant-pollination systems. Oecologia. 148:365-372. doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0396-1.
  • Sakai S. 2001. Phenological diversity in tropical forests. Popul Ecol. 43:77-86. doi:10.1007/ PL00012018.
  • Sakai S, Momose K, Yumoto T, Kato M, Inoue T. 1999. Beetle pollination of Shorea parvifolia (section Mutica, Dipterocarpaceae) in a general flowering period in Sarawak, Malaysia. Am J Bot. 86:62-69. doi:10.2307/2656955.
  • Samuelson GA. 1989. Pollen feeding in Alticinae (Chrysomelidae). Entomographica. 6:407-411.
  • Sayers TDJ, Steinbauer MJ, Miller RE. 2019. Visitor or vector? The extent of rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) pollination and floral interactions. Arthropod Plant Interact. 13:685. doi:10.1007/ s11829-019-09698-9.
  • Scambler DJ. 1993. lschnauchen, a new genus for Aphiohrynchus costatus McKeown (Coleoptera: cerambycidae). J Aust Entomol Soc. 32:193-195. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1993.tb00570.x.
  • Schleuning M, Frund J, Klein AM, Abrahamczyk S, Alarcon R, Albrecht M, Andersson GKS, Bazarian S, Bohning-Gaese K, Bommarco R, et al. 2012. Specialization of mutualistic interaction networks decreases toward tropical latitudes. Curr Biol. 22:1925-1931. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.015.
  • Slipinski SA, Leschen RAB, Lawrence JF. 2011. Order Coleoptera Linneaus, 1758. In: zhang Z-Q, editor. Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. 3148:203-208. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.39.
  • Simpson BB, Neff JL. 1983. Evolution and diversity of floral rewards. In: Jones CE, Little RL, editors. Handbook of pollination biology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; p. 360-372.
  • Smith-Ramirez C, Martinez P, Nunez M, Gonzalez C, Armesto JJ. 2005. Diversity, flower visitation frequency and generalism of pollinators in temperate rain forests of Chiloe Island, Chile. Bot J Linn Soc. 147:399-416. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00388.x.
  • Sothers CA, Prance GT, Chase MW. 2016. Towards a monophyletic Licania: a new generic classification of the polyphyletic Neotropical genus Licania. Kew Bull. 71:58. doi:10.1007/s12225-016-9664-3.
  • Stebbins GL. 1970. Adaptive radiation of reproductive characteristics in angiosperms. I: pollination mechanisms. Ann Rev Ecol Syst. 1:307-326. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.001515.
  • Stork NE. 1988. Insect diversity: facts, fiction and speculation. Biol J Linn Soc. 35:321-337. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00474.x.
  • Stork NE. 2017. How many species of insects and other terrestrial Arthropods are there on earth? Annu Rev Entomol. 63:31-45. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348.
  • Ter Steege H, Vaessen RW, Cardenas-Lopez D, Sabatier D, Antonelli A, Mota de Oliveira S, Pitman NCA, MOller JOrgensen P, Salomao RP. 2016. The discovery of the Amazonian tree flora with an updated checklist of all known tree taxa. Sci Rep. 6(29549):1-15. doi:10.1038/ srep29549.
  • Thien LB, Bernhardt P, Devall MS, Chen ZD, Luo YB, Fan JH, Yuan L-C, Williams JH. 2009. Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade). Am J Bot. 96:166-182. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800016.
  • Valverde J, Perfectti F, Gomez JM. 2019. Pollination effectiveness in a generalist plant: adding the genetic component. New Phytologist. 223(1):354-365. doi:10.1111/nph.15743.
  • Vazquez DP, Aizen MA. 2004. Asymmetric specialization: a pervasive feature of plant-pollinator interactions. Ecology. 85:1251-1257. doi:10.1890/03-3112.
  • Vazquez DP, Morris WF, Jordano P. 2005. Interaction frequency as a surrogate for the total effect of animal mutualists on plants. Ecol Lett. 8:1088-1094. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00810.x.
  • Vazquez DP, Ramos-Jiliberto R, Urbani P, Valdovinos FS. 2015. A conceptual framework for studying the strength of plant-animal mutualistic interactions. Ecol Lett. 18:385-400. doi:10.1111/ ele.12411.
  • Vinicius LGB, Rech AR, Ollerton J, Sazima M. 2017. Nectar production, reproductive success and the evolution of generalised pollination within a specialised pollen-rewarding plant family: a case study using Miconia theizans. Pl Syst Evol. doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1405-z.
  • Vizentin-Bugoni J, Maruyama PK, Souza CS, Ollerton J, Rech AR, Sazima M. 2018. Plant-pollinator networks in the tropics: a review. In: Dattilo W, Rico-Gray V, editors. Ecological networks in the tropics. Cham: Springer; p. 73-91.
  • Wackers FL, Romeis J, van Rijn P. 2007. Nectar and pollen feeding by insect herbivores and implications for multitrophic interactions. Annu Rev Entomol. 52:301-323. doi:10.1146/annurev. ento.52.110405.091352.
  • Wardhaugh CW. 2015. How many species of arthropods visit flowers? Arthropod Plant Interact. 9 (6):547-565. doi:10.1007/s11829-015-9398-4.
  • Wardhaugh CW, Stork NE, Edwards W. 2013. Specialisation of rainforest canopy beetles to host trees and microhabitats: not all specialists are leaf-feeding herbivores. Biol J Linn Soc. 109:215-228. doi:10.1111/bij.12029.
  • Wardhaugh CW, Stork NE, Edwards W, Grimbacher PS. 2012. The overlooked biodiversity of flower-visiting invertebrates.PLoS One. 7:e45796. PMID:23029246. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045796.
  • Waser NM, Chittka L, Price MV, Williams NM, Ollerton J. 1996. Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology. 77:1043-1060. doi:10.2307/2265575.
  • Watts S, Dormann CF, Gonzalez AAM, Ollerton J. 2016. The influence of floral traits on specialisation and modularity of plant-pollinator networks in a biodiversity hotspot in the Peruvian Andes. J Ann Bot. 118(3):415-429. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw114.
  • Wesenberg J. 2004. Bluhphanologie im Kronenraum eines tropischen Tieflandregenwaldes am Oberen Orinoco, Amazonas, Venezuela [Flower phenology in the canopy of a tropical lowland rainforest at the upper Orinoco, Amazonas, Venezuela] [dissertation]. German: Fakultat fur Biowissenschaften, Pharmazie und Psychologie, Universitat Leipzig.
  • Willmer P, editor. 2011. Pollination and floral ecology. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press; p. 778.
  • Willson MF, Bertin RI. 1979. Flower-visitors, nectar production, and inflorescence size of Asclepias syriaca. Can J Bot. 57:1380-1388. doi:10.1139/b79-172.
  • Winkler H, Listabarth C. 2003. Surumoni project, Venezuela. In: Basset Y, Horlyck V, Wright SJ, editors. Studying forest canopies from above: the international Canopy crane network. Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and UNEP; p. 126-136.
  • Wolda H, O'Brien CW, Stockwell HP. 1998. Weevil diversity and seasonality in tropical panama as deduced from light-trap catches (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Smithson Contrib Zool. 590:79.
  • Young HJ. 1990. Pollination and reproductive biology of an understory neotropical aroid. In: Bawa KS, Hadley M, editors. Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants. Man and the biosphere series. Carnforth: Unesco, Paris and Parthenon Publishing; p. 151-164.
  • Zepeda-Gomez C, Velazquez-Montes E. 1999. El bosque tropical caducifolio de la vertiente sur de la sierra de Nanchititla, Estado de Mexico: la composicion y la afinidad geografica de su flora. Acta Bot Mex. 46:29-55. doi:10.21829/abm46.1999.815.