Published February 28, 2007 | Version v1

A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Description

Pujos, François, Iuliis, Gerardo De, Argot, Christine, Werdelin, Lars (2007): A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (2): 179-235, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00240.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00240.x

Files

source.pdf

Files (1.8 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:51a62465d1b5dbdc74b9256cb53da1de
1.8 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFA62465FFB5FFDCFFB9256CB53DFFDE

References

  • Amrine-Madsen H, Koepfli K-P, Wayne RK, Springer MS. 2003. A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 225-240.
  • Anderson RP, Handley CO Jr. 2001. A new species of threetoed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 (1): 1-33.
  • Anthony HE. 1916. Preliminary report on fossil mammals from Porto Rico, with descriptions of a new genus of ground sloth and two new genera of Hystricomorph rodents. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 27: 193-203.
  • Anthony HE. 1918. Part II. The indigenous land mammals of Porto Rico, living and extinct. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 2: 334-435.
  • Aramayo SA, Manera de Bianco T. 1996. Edad y nuevos hallazgos de icnitas de mamiferos y aves en el yacimiento paleoicnologico de Pehuen-Co (Pleistoceno Tardio), Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina - Publicacion Especi 4: 47-57.
  • Argot C. 2001. Functional-adaptive anatomy of the forelimb in the Didelphidae, and the paleobiology of the Paleocene marsupials Mayulestes ferox and Pucadelphys andinus. Journal of Morphology 247 (1): 51-79.
  • Argot C. 2004. Functional adaptations of the postcranial skeleton of two Miocene borhyaenoids (Mammalia, Metatheria), Borhyaena and Prothylacinus, from South America. Palaeontology 46 (6): 1213-1267.
  • Argot C, Pujos F. 2003. Functional anatomy of two megalonychid sloths (Xenarthra, Mammalia). Endogene und Exogene Hintergrunde der Biodiversitat - 73 Jahrestagund der Palaontologischen Gesellschaft, Mainz (Germany), 2003. Terra Nostra 5: 23A.
  • Bargo MS. 2003. Biomechanics and paleobiology of the Xenarthra: the state of the art. Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (1): 45-50.
  • Bargo MS, Vizcaino SF, Archuby FM, Blanco RE. 2000. Limb bone proportions, strength, and digging in some Lujanian (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) Mylodontid ground sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (3): 601-610.
  • Blanco RE, Czerwonogora A. 2003. The gait of Megatherium CUVIER 1796 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (1): 61-68.
  • Cabrera A. 1929. La estructura de la mano y del pie en el megaterio. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 107: 425-443.
  • Carlini AA, Scillato-Yane GJ. 2004. The oldest Megalonychidae (Xenarthra: Tardigrada): phylogenetic relationships and an emended diagnosis of the family. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 233 (3): 423-443.
  • Carlini AA, Scillato-Yane GJ, Noriega JI, Acenolaza F. 2000. Perezosos Terrestres (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) del 'Mesopotamiense' (Fm. Ituzaingo, Mioceno Tardio - Plioceno Temprano) de la Provincia de Entre Rios, Argentina. Studia Geologica Salmanticensia 36: 13-27.
  • Cartelle C. 1992. Edentata e megamamiferos herbivoros extintos de Toca dos Ossos (Ourolandia, Bahia, Brasil). Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte.
  • Cartelle C, Bohorquez GA. 1982. Eremotherium laurillardi Lund, 1842. Parte I. Determinacao especifica e dimorfismo sexual. IHERINGIA Series Geologica 7: 45-63.
  • Cartelle C, Bohorquez GA. 1986. Presenca de ossiculos dermicos em Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund) Cartelle et Bohorquez, 1982. (Edentata, Megatheriidae). IHERINGIA Series Geologica 11: 3-8.
  • Cartelle C, De Iuliis G. 1995. Eremotherium laurillardi: the panamerican late Pleistocene Megatheriid sloth. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (4): 830-841.
  • Cartelle C, De Iuliis G. 2006. Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund) (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae), the Panamerican giant ground sloth: taxonomic aspects of the ontogeny of skull and dentition. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4: 199-209.
  • Cartelle C, Fonseca JS. 1983. Contribuicao ao melhor conhecimento da pequena preguica terricola Nothrotherium maquinense (Lund), Lydekker, 1889. Lundiana 2: 127-181.
  • Casinos A. 1996. Bipedalism and quadrupedalism in Megatherium: an attempt at biomechanical reconstruction. Lethaia 29: 87-96.
  • Chauchat C. 1998. Sitios arqueologicos de la zona de Cupisnique y margen derecha del valle de Chicama. Travaux de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines 113.
  • Cione AL, Azpelicueta M, Bond M, Carlini AA, Casciotta JR, Cozzuol MA, de la Fuente M, Gasparini Z, Goin FJ, Noriega J, Scillato-Yane GJ, Soibelzon L, Tonni EP, Verzi D, Vucetich MG. 2000. Miocene vertebrates from Entre Rios Province, Eastern Argentina. INSUGEO, Serie Correlacion Geologica 14: 191-237.
  • Collina-Girard J, Guadelli J-L, Usselman P. 1992. Mammiferes disparus et premieres occupations humaines. L'exemple nord peruvien du desert de Cupisnique. Colloque Deserts: Passe, Present, Futur, Actes du 116eme Congres National des Societes Savantes, Chambery 1991: 111-132.
  • Cope ED. 1889. The Edentata of North America. American Naturalist 23: 657-664.
  • Cuenca-Anaya J. 1995. El aparato locomotor de los Escelidotherios (Edentata, Mammalia) y su paleobiologia. Ayuntamiento de Valencia: Coleccion Estudis.
  • Davalos LM. 2004. Phylogeny and biogeography of Caribbean mammals. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81: 373-394.
  • Davis DD. 1949. The shoulder architecture of bears and other carnivores. Fieldiana Zoology 31 (34): 285-305.
  • De Burlet HM. 1922. Uber durchbohrte Wirbelkorper fossiler und recenter Edentaten, zugleich ein Beitrag zurentwicklung des Venensystems der Faultiere. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 51: 554-584.
  • De Iuliis G. 1994. Relationships of the Megatheriinae, Nothrotheriinae, and Planopsinae: some skeletal characteristics and their importance for phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 (4): 577-591.
  • De Iuliis G. 1996. A systematic review of the Megatheriinae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae). Phil Thesis. University of Toronto.
  • De Iuliis G. 2003. Toward a morphofunctional understanding of the humerus of Megatheriinae: the identity and homology of some diaphyseal humeral features (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (1): 69- 78.
  • De Iuliis G, Cartelle C. 1993. The medial carpal and metacarpal elements of Eremotherium and Megatherium (Xenarthra, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 (4): 525-533.
  • De Iuliis G, Cartelle C. 1999. A new giant Megatheriin ground sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the late Blancan to early Irvingtonian of Florida. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 127: 495-515.
  • De Iuliis G, Re GH, Vizcaino SF. 2004. The Toro Negro megatheriine (Mammalia, Xenarthra): a new species of Pyramiodontherium and a review of Plesiomegatherium. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (1): 214-227.
  • De Iuliis G, St-Andre P-A. 1997. Eremotherium sefvei nov. sp. (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Ulloma, Bolivia. Geobios 30 (3): 453-461.
  • Delsuc F, Scally M, Madsen O, Stanhope MJ, De Jong WW, Catzeflis FM, Springer MS, Douzery EJP. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of living Xenarthrans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (10): 1656-1671.
  • Eisenberg JF. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics, Vol. 1. The northern Neotropics: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Eisenberg JF, Redford KH. 1999. Mammals of the Neotropics, Vol. 3. The central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Engelmann GF. 1978. The logic of phylogenetic analysis and the phylogeny of the Xenarthra (Mammalia). Phil Thesis. Columbia University, New York.
  • Engelmann GF. 1985. The phylogeny of the Xenarthra. In: Montgomery GG, ed. The ecology and evolution of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 51-64.
  • Engelmann GF. 1987. A new Deseadan sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Salla, Bolivia, and its implications for the primitive condition of the dentition in Edentates. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7 (2): 217-223.
  • Esteban GI. 1996. Revision de los Mylodontinae cuaternarios (Edentata-Tardigrada) de Argentina, Bolivia y Uruguay. Sistematica, filogenia, paleobiologia, paleozoogeografia y paleoecologia. Doctorado Inedito en Sciencias Naturales 'Orientacion Zoologia'. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman.
  • Falgueres C, Fontugne M, Chauchat C, Guadelli J-L. 1994. Datations radiometriques de l'extinction des grandes faunes pleistocenes au Perou. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie 2 319: 261-266.
  • Farina RA, Vizcaino SF, Storch G. 2003. Xenarthra - strange joints for strange mammals. Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (1): 1-2.
  • Fischer K. 1971. Riesenfaultiere (Megalonychidae, Edentata, Mammalia) aus dem Pleistozan der Plio-Domingo-Hohle in Kuba. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 20: 609-673.
  • Frailey CD. 1986. Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notongulata, of the Rio Acre region, Western Amazonia. Contributions in Science 374: 1-46.
  • Frailey CD. 1988. The Miocene vertebrates of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. II: Edentata. Occasional Papers of the Museum of National History, University of Kansas 123: 1-13.
  • Gaudin TJ. 1995. The ear region of Edentates and the phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (3): 672-705.
  • Gaudin TJ. 1999. The morphology of xenarthrous vertebrae (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Fieldiana: Geology 41: 1-38.
  • Gaudin TJ. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 255- 305.
  • Gaudin TJ, De Iuliis G. 1999. The late Miocene sloth Nothropus priscus, with comments on the phylogeny of the Nothrotheriidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (Suppl.): 46A.
  • Gaudin TJ, Wible JR, Hopson JA, Turnbull WD. 1996. Reexamination of the morphological evidence for the cohort Epitheria (Mammalia, Eutheria). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 3 (1): 31-79.
  • Gervais P. 1874. Lestodon trigonidens et Valgipes deformis. Journal de Zoologie 3: 161-164.
  • Godinot M, Beard KC. 1993. A survey of fossil primate hands. In: Preuschoft H, Chivers DJ, eds. Hands of primates. New York: Springer, 335-378.
  • Goloboff PA. 1999. Nona, version 2. Published by the author, Tucuman, Argentina.
  • Grasse P-P. 1955. Ordre des Edentes; Ordre des Pholidotes. In: Grasse P-P, ed. Traite de Zoologie. Paris: Masson, 1182- 1284.
  • Guerin C, Curvello MA, Faure M, Hugueney M, Mourer- Chauvire C. 1993. La faune pleistocene du Piaui (nordeste du Bresil): Implications paleoecologiques et biochronologiques. Quaternaria Nova 3: 303-341.
  • Guth C. 1956. Contribution a la connaissance de l'os temporal de Scelidotherium Owen. Annales de Paleontologie 17: 153- 168.
  • Guth C. 1961. La region temporale des Edentes. These d'Universite inedite. Universite de Paris.
  • Hirschfeld SE. 1981. Pliometanastes protistus (Edentata, Megalonychidae) from Knight's Ferry, California with discussion of early Hemphillian Megalonychids. Paleobios 36: 1-16.
  • Hirschfeld SE. 1985. Ground sloths from the Friasian La Venta Fauna, with additions to the Pre-Friasian Coyaima fauna of Colombia, South America. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 128: 1-91.
  • Hirschfeld SE, Webb SD. 1968. Plio-Pleistocene Megalonychid sloths of North America. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum - Biological Sciences 12 (5): 214-296.
  • Hochstetter F. 1898. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden. Anatomie de Venensystems der Edentaten. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 25: 362-376.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1954a. Phylogenie des Edentes Xenarthres. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie 2 26 (3): 433-438.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1954b. Les Gravigrades (Edentes Xenarthres) des cavernes de Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais, Bresil). Annales de Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 16: 741-764.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1954c. Les Gravigrades cuirasses du Deseadien de Patagonie (Note preliminaire). Mammalia 18 (2): 159-169.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1955. Un megalonychide (Edente Gravigrade) fossile de Saint-Domingue (Ile d'Haiti). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie 2 27 (1): 100-104.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1956. Contribution a l'etude des Orophodontoidea, gravigrades cuirasses de la Patagonie. Annales de Paleontologie 42: 27-64.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1958. Edentes Xenarthres. In: Piveteau J, ed. Traite de Paleontologie, Vol. 6(2). Paris: Masson et Cie, 535- 636.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1959. Generalite d'une circulation veineuse intrarachidienne chez les Edentes Tardigrades (Paresseux et Gravigrades). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 31 (2): 181-187.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1961. Description d'un squelette de Planops (Gravigrade du Miocene de Patagonie). Mammalia 25 (1): 57-96.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1982. Les Edentes Xenarthres, un Groupe Singulier de la Faune Neotropicale (origine, affinites, radiation adaptative, migrations et extinctions). Proceedings of the First International Meeting on 'Palaeontology, Essential of Historical Geology', Venice, 1981, 385-443.
  • Hoffstetter R. 1986. High Andean mammalian faunas during the Plio-Pleistocene. In: Vuilleumier F, Monasterio M, eds. High altitude tropical biogeography, Vol. 9. New York: Oxford University Press, 219-245.
  • Hoffstetter R, Martinez C, Munoz-Reyes J, Tomasi P. 1971. Le gisement d'Ayo Ayo (Bolivie), une succession stratigraphique Pliocene-Pleistocene datee par des mammiferes. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie D 273: 2472-2475.
  • Hooijer DA. 1962. A fossil ground sloth from Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen, Series B 65 (1): 46-60.
  • Hooijer DA. 1964. The snout of Paulocnus petrifactus (Mammalia, Edentata). Zoologische Mededelingen 39: 79-84.
  • Hooijer DA. 1967. Pleistocene vertebrates of the Netherlands Antilles. In: Martin PS, Wright HE, eds. Pleistocene extinctions: the search for a cause. New Haven: Yale University Press, 399-406.
  • van der Klaauw CJ. 1930. On the tympanic region of the skull in the Megatherium. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 9: 127-146.
  • van der Klaauw CJ. 1931. On the tympanic region of the skull in the Mylodontinae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1931: 607-655.
  • Kraglievich L. 1923. Descripcion de dos craneos y otros restos del genero Pliomorphus Ameghino procedentes de la Formacion Entrerriana de las barrancas del rio Parana. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 33: 1-56.
  • Kraglievich L. 1925. Cuatro nuevos Gravigrados de la fauna araucana chapadmalense. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 'Bernardino Rivadavia' 33: 215-235.
  • Kraglievich L. 1926. Presencia del genero 'Nothrotherium ' Lydek. (= 'Coelodon ' Lund) en la fauna pampeana 'Nothrotherium torresi ', n. sp. Revista del Museo de la Plata 29: 169-186.
  • Kraglievich L. 1928. Mylodon darwini Owen es la especie genotipo de 'Mylodon ' Owen. Rectificacion de la nomenclatura generica de los Milodontes. Physis Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 9: 169-185.
  • Kraglievich L. 1931. Un nothrotherio pampeano gigantesco - Nothrotherium roverei Kragl. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 'Bernardino Rivadavia' 36: 503-513.
  • Leidy J. 1855. A memoir on the extinct sloth tribe of North America. Smithsonian Contribution to Knowledge 7.
  • Lull RS. 1929. A remarkable ground sloth. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale University 3: 1-39.
  • Lydekker R. 1886. Description of three species of Scelidotherium. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1886: 491-498.
  • MacPhee RDE. 1981. Auditory regions of primates and Eutherians insectivores: morphology, ontogeny, and character analysis. Contributions to Primatology 18: 1-282.
  • MacPhee RDE, Iturralde-Vinent MA. 1994. First Tertiary land mammal from Greater Antilles: an Early Miocene sloth (Xenarthra, Megalonychidae) from Cuba. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3094: 1-13.
  • MacPhee RDE, Iturralde-Vinent MA, Gaffney ES. 2003. Domo de Zaza, an Early Miocene vertebrate locality in South-Central Cuba, with notes on the tectonic evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona passage. American Museum Novitates 3394: 1-42.
  • MacPhee RDE, Singer R, Diamond M. 2000a. Late Cenozoic fossil mammals from Grenada, Lesser Antilles Island- Arc. American Museum Novitates 3302: 1-20.
  • MacPhee RDE, White JL, Woods CA. 2000b New megalonychid sloths (Phyllophaga, Xenarthra) from the Quaternary deposits of Hispaniola). American Museum Novitates 3303: 1-32.
  • Madsen O, Scally M, Douady CJ, Kao DJ, Debry RW, Adkins R, Amrine HM, Stanhope MJ, De Jong WW, Springer MS. 2001. Parallel adaptative radiations in two major clades of placental mammals. Nature 409: 610-614.
  • Marshall LG, Berta A, Hoffstetter R, Pascual R, Bombin M, Mones A. 1984. Mammals and stratigraphy: geochronology of the continental mammal-bearing Quaternary of South America. Paleovertebrata-Memoire Extraordinaire 1- 76.
  • Marshall LG, Butler RF, Drake RE, Curtis GH, Tedford RH. 1979. Calibration of the Great American Interchange. Science 204: 272-279.
  • Marshall LG, Hoffstetter R, Pascual R. 1983. Mammals and stratigraphy: geochronology of the continental mammalbearing Tertiary of South America. Paleovertebrata-Memoire Extraordinaire 1-93.
  • Matthew WD. 1931. Genera and new species of ground sloths from the Pleistocene of Cuba. American Museum Novitates 511: 1-5.
  • Matthew WD, Paula Couto C. 1959. The Cuban Edentates. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 117 (1): 1-56.
  • Mayo NA. 1969. Nueva especie de Megalonychidae y descripcion de los depositos cuaternarios de la cueva del Vaho, Boca de Jaruco, La Habana. Memorias de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de la Habana 3: 1-58.
  • Mayo NA. 1978a. Ein neus Genus und zwei neue Arten fossiler Riesenfaultiere von der Familia der Megalonychidae (Edentata: Mammalia) aus dem Pleistozan Kubas. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 71 (3): 687-697.
  • Mayo NA. 1978b. Revision of Neocnus minor, Arredondo, 1961 (Edentata: Megalonychidae) from the Pleistocene of Cuba. Proceedings of the Koninklijke nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Serie B 81 (3): 322-338.
  • Mayo NA. 1980a. Nueva especie de Neocnus (Edentata: Megalonychidae de Cuba) y consideraciones sobre la evolucion, edad, y paleoecologia de las especies de este genero. Actas II Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia y I Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontologia, Buenos Aires 1980 (3): 223-236.
  • Mayo NA. 1980b. Revision de Neocnus major Arredondo, 1961 (Mammalia: Edentata del Pleistoceno de Cuba) con descripciones de un craneo y algunos huesos postcraneales. Estudios Geologicos 36: 427-440.
  • McDonald HG. 1977. Description of the osteology of the extinct Gravigrade Edentate Megalonyx with observations on its ontogeny, phylogeny, and functional anatomy. Master Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
  • McDonald HG. 1985. The shasta ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Megatheriidae) in the middle Pleistocene of Florida. In: Montgomery GG, ed. The ecology and evolution of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 95-104.
  • McDonald HG. 1987. A systematic review of the Plio- Pleistocene Scelidotherine ground sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae). Phil Thesis. University of Toronto.
  • McDonald HG. 2003. Xenarthran skeletal anatomy: primitive or derived? (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (1): 5-17.
  • McDonald HG, Anderson DC. 1983. A well-preserved ground sloth (Megalonyx) cranium from Turin, Monona County, Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 90 (4): 134-140.
  • McDonald HG, de Muizon C. 2002. The cranial anatomy of Thalassocnus (Xenarthra, Mammalia), a derived nothrothere from the Neogene of the Pisco Formation (Peru). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (2): 349-365.
  • McDonald HG, Perea D. 2002. The large scelidothere Catonyx tarijensis (Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) from the Pleistocene of Uruguay. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 677-683.
  • McKenna MC. 1975. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia. In: Luckett WP, Szalay FS, eds. Phylogeny of the primates. New York: Plenum Press, 21-46.
  • McKenna MC, Bell SK. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Mendel FC. 1981a. Use of hands and feet of two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni) during climbing and terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Mammalogy 62 (2): 413-421.
  • Mendel FC. 1981b. The hand of two-toed sloths (Choloepus): its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support. Journal of Morphology 169: 1-19.
  • Mendel FC. 1985a. Use of hands and feet of three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) during climbing and terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Mammalogy 66 (2): 359-366.
  • Mendel FC. 1985b. Adaptations for suspensory behaviour in the limbs of two-toed sloths. In: Montgomery GG, ed. The ecology and evolution of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 151- 162.
  • Mones A. 1973. Lista de los Vertebrados del Uruguay, II. Mammalia. Comunicaciones Paleontologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 1 (4): 39-97.
  • de Muizon C. 1998. Mayulestes ferox, a borhyaenoid (Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia. Phylogenetic and palaeobiologic implications. Geodiversitas 20: 19-142.
  • de Muizon C, McDonald HG. 1995. An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru. Nature 375: 224-227.
  • de Muizon C, McDonald HG, Salas R, Urbina M. 2003. A new early species of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the late Miocene of Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (4): 886-894.
  • de Muizon C, McDonald HG, Salas R, Urbina M. 2004a. The youngest species of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus, and a reassessment of the relationships of the Nothrothere sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (2): 390-400.
  • de Muizon C, McDonald HG, Salas R, Urbina M. 2004b. The evolution of feeding adaptations of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (2): 401-414.
  • Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryderk OA, O'Brien SJ. 2001a. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature 409: 614-618.
  • Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Madsen O, Scally M, Douady CJ, Teeling E, Ryder OA, Stanhope MJ, de Jong WW, Springer MS. 2001b. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294: 2348-2351.
  • Naples VL. 1982. Cranial osteology and function in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus. American Museum Novitates 2739: 1-41.
  • Naples VL. 1987. Reconstruction of cranial morphology and analysis of function in the Pleistocene ground sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae). Contributions in Science 389: 1-21.
  • Nixon KC. 2002. Winclada, version 1.00.08. Published by the author, Itka, New York.
  • Nordenskiold E. 1905. Exploration scientifique au Perou et en Bolivie (1904-05). La Geographie, Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie 12 (5): 289-296.
  • Nordenskiold E. 1908. Ein neuer fundort fur saugetierfossilien in Peru. Arkiv fur Zoologi 4 (11): 13-21.
  • Novacek MJ. 1992. Mammalian phylogeny: shaking the tree. Nature 356: 121-125.
  • Novacek MJ, Wyss AR. 1986. Higher-level relationships of the recent eutherian orders: morphological evidence. Cladistics 2: 257-387.
  • Owen FRS. 1851. On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum, Blumenbach). I - Preliminary observations on the exogenous processes of vertebrae. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 141 (2): 719-764.
  • Owen FRS. 1855. On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum, Cuvier and Blumenbach). II - Vertebrae of the trunk. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 145 (2): 359-388.
  • Owen FRS. 1856. On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum, Cuvier and Blumenbach). III - The skull. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 146 (2): 571-589.
  • Owen FRS. 1858. On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum, Cuvier and Blumenbach). IV - Bones of the anterior extremities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 148 (1): 261-278.
  • Owen FRS. 1860. On the Megatherium (Megatherium americanum, Cuvier and Blumenbach). V - Bones of the posterior extremities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 149 (2): 802-829.
  • Patterson B, Pascual R. 1972. The fossil mammal fauna of South America. In: Keast A, Erk FC, Glass B, eds. Evolution, mammals, and southern continents. Albany: State University of New York Press, 246-309.
  • Patterson B, Turnbull WD, Segall W, Gaudin TJ. 1992. The ear region in Xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), Palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana Geology 1438: 1-78.
  • Paula Couto C. 1956. On two mounted skeletons of Megalocnus rodens. Journal of Mammalogy 37 (3): 423-427.
  • Paula Couto C. 1967. Pleistocene Edentates of the West Indies. American Museum Novitates 2304: 1-55.
  • Paula Couto C. 1971. On two small Pleistocene groundsloths. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 43: 500- 513.
  • Paula Couto C. 1976. The manus of Nothrotheriops shastense (Sinclair, 1905). Anais do XXVIII Congresso Brasileiro Geologia 1974 (2): 165-176.
  • Paula Couto C. 1977. On a large Megalonychidae ground sloth from the Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 49 (2): 297-299.
  • Paula Couto C. 1979. Tratado de Paleomastozoologia. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciencias.
  • Perea D. 1999. Un singular grupo de Perezosos, los 'Nothrotheriinae' (Xenarthra). Boletin de la Sociedad Zoologica de Uruguay 10: 1-8.
  • Pujos F. 2000. Scelidodon chiliensis (Xenarthra, Mammalia) du Pleistocene terminal de 'Pampa de los Fosiles'. Quaternaire 11 (3-4): 197-206.
  • Pujos F. 2001a. Nouvelles donnees sur le genre Nothrotherium Lydekker, 1889 et validite des especes N. maquinense (Lund, 1839) et N. escrivanense (Reinhardt, 1878). Geobios 34 (3): 349-356.
  • Pujos F. 2001b. A new megatheriine genus from the latest Pleistocene of Northern Peru. 6th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Jena, Germany, 2001. Journal of Morphology 148 (3): 273A.
  • Pujos F. 2002. Contribution a la connaissance des Tardigrades (Mammalia: Xenarthra) du Pleistocene peruvien: systematique, phylogenie, anatomie fonctionnelle et extinction. These inedite. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
  • Pujos F. 2006. Megatherium celendinense from the Pleistocene of Peruvian Andes and the megatheriine phylogenetic relationships. Palaeontology 49: 285-306.
  • Pujos F, De Iuliis G. 2007. Late Oligocene Megatherioidea fauna (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Salla-Luribay (Bolivia): new data on basal sloth radiation and Cingulata-Tardigrada split. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27, in press.
  • Pujos F, De Iuliis G, Werdelin L, Argot C. 2004. An original Lujanian Megatherioidea from Peru: implications concerning the locomotion of sloths. 7th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2004. Journal of Morphology 260: 320A.
  • Pujos F, Salas R. 2004a. A new species of Megatherium (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco and Tres Ventanas, Peru. Palaeontology 47 (3): 579-604.
  • Pujos F, Salas R. 2004b. A systematic reassessment and paleogeographic review of fossil Xenarthra from Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines 33 (2): 331- 377.
  • Pujos F, Salas R, Mattos J. 2002. Andean lineage of Pleistocene Megatherium: geographical implications. 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Norman, Oklahoma. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (Suppl.): 97A.
  • Redford KH, Eisenberg JF. 1992. Mammals of the Neotropics, Vol. 2. The southern cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Rega E, McFarlane DA, Lundberg J, Christenson K. 2002. A new megalonychid sloth from the Late Wisconsian of the Dominican Republic. Caribbean Journal of Science 38 (1-2): 11-19.
  • Reinhardt J. 1878. Kaempedovendyr-slaegten Coelodon. Videnskabelige Selsk Skr, 5 Raekke Naturvidenskabelig Og Mathematisk Afd 12 (3): 257-349.
  • Reyes A, Gissi C, Catzeflis F, Nevo E, Pesole G, Saccone C. 2004. Congruent mammalian trees from mitochondrial and nuclear genes using Bayesian methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21: 397-403.
  • Rose MD. 1993. Functional anatomy of the elbow in primates. In: Gebo DL, ed. Postcranial adaptation in nonhuman primates. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 70-95.
  • Rose KD, Emry RJ. 1993. Relationships of Xenarthra, Pholidota, and fossil 'Edentates': the morphological evidence. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC, eds. Mammal phylogeny. New York: Springer, 81-102.
  • Scillato-Yane GJ, Uliana MA, Pascual R. 1976. Un Megalonychidae (Edentata, Pilosa) del Plioceno de la Provincia de Rio Negro (Argentina). Su importancia Bioestratigrafica y Paleobiogeografica. Actas del Sexto Congreso Geologico Argentino 1: 579-589.
  • Scott WB. 1903-04. Mammalia of the Santa-Cruz beds. Part I. Edentata. Reports of the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia 5: 1-364.
  • Sefve I. 1915. Scelidotherium -reste aus Ulloma, Bolivia. Bulletin of the Geological Institute of Uppsala 13: 61-92.
  • Simpson GG. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85: 1-350.
  • Simpson GG. 1948. The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part I. Introduction. Systematics: Marsupialia, Edentata, Condylarthra, Litopterna and Notioprogonia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 91 (1): 1-232.
  • Sinclair WJ. 1905. New Mammalia from the Quaternary Caves of California. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology 4 (7): 145-161.
  • St-Andre P-A. 1994. Contribution a l'etude des grands mammiferes du Neogene de l'altiplano bolivien. These inedite. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
  • St-Andre P-A. 1996. Deux nouveaux Edentes (Mammalia, Xenarthra) Trachycalyptoides achirense nov. gen. et nov. sp. (Glyptodontidae, Sclerocalyptinae) et Xyophorus villarroeli nov. sp. (Megatheriidae, Nothrotheriinae) du Huayquerien (Miocene superieur) de l'Altiplano bolivien. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4eme Serie 1: 79- 106.
  • Stock C. 1913. Nothrotherium and Megalonyx from the Pleistocene of Southern California. Bulletin of the Department of Geology, University of California Publications 7 (17): 341- 358.
  • Stock C. 1917. Recent studies on the skull and dentition of Nothrotherium from Rancho la Brea. Bulletin of the Department of Geology, University of California Publications 10 (10): 137-164.
  • Stock C. 1925. Cenozoic Gravigrade Edentates of Western North America with special reference to the Pleistocene Megalonychinae, and Mylodontidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institution of Washington 331: 1-206.
  • Susman RL, Stern JT Jr, Jungers WL. 1984. Arboreality and bipedality in the Hadar Hominids. Folia Primatologica 43: 113-156.
  • Tito G, De Iuliis G. 2001. Remarks on shoulder-blade functional morphology of megatherine sloths (Xenarthra, Mammalia) in comparison to other ground sloths. 6th European Workshop on Vertebrate Palaeontology, Florence and Montevarchi: 57A.
  • Tito G, De Iuliis G. 2003. Morphofunctional aspects and paleobiology of the manus in the giant ground sloth Eremotherium Spillmann 1948 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megatheriidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (1): 79-94.
  • de Toledo PM. 1996. Locomotory patterns within the Pleistocene sloths. Phil Thesis. University of Colorado, Boulder.
  • Vizcaino SF, Farina RA. 1997. Diet and locomotion of the armadillo Peltephilus: a new view. Lethaia 30: 79-86.
  • Vizcaino SF, Farina RA, Mazzetta GV. 1999. Ulnar dimensions and fossoriality in armadillos. Acta Theriologica 44 (3): 309-320.
  • Vizcaino SF, Milne N. 2002. Structure and function in armadillo limbs (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 257: 117-127.
  • Vizcaino SF, Milne N, Bargo MS. 2003. Limb reconstruction of Eutatus seguini (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). Paleobiological implications. Ameghiniana 40 (1): 89-101.
  • Vizcaino SF, Scillato-Yane GJ. 1995. An Eocene Tardigrade (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Seymour Island, West Antarctica. Antarctic Science 7 (4): 407-408.
  • Vizcaino SF, Zarate M, Bargo MS, Dondas A. 2001. Pleistocene burrows in the Mar del Plata area (Argentina) and their probable builders. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46 (2): 289-301.
  • Webb SD. 1985. The interrelationships of tree sloths and ground sloths. In: Montgomery GG, ed. The ecology and evolution of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 105-112.
  • Webb SD. 1989. Osteology and relationships of Thinobadistes segnis, the first Mylodont sloth in North America. In: Redford KH, Eisenberg JF, eds. Advances in Neotropical mammalogy. Gainesville: Sandhill Crane Press, 469-532.
  • Webb SD, Perrigo S. 1985. New Megalonychid sloths from El Salvador. In: Montgomery GG, ed. The ecology and evolution of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 113-120.
  • White JL. 1989. Locomotor diversity in fossil sloths. 49th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Austin, Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9 (Suppl.): 44A.
  • White JL. 1993. Indicators of locomotor habits in Xenarthrans: evidence for locomotor heterogeneity among fossil sloths. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 (2): 230-242.
  • White JL. 1996. Hispaniolan sloths: phylogeny and functional morphology. 56th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History New York, New York. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (Suppl.): 72-73A.
  • White JL. 1997. Locomotor adaptations in Miocene Xenarthrans. In: Kay R, Madden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ, eds. Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene fauna of la Venta, Colombia. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 246-264.
  • White JL, MacPhee RDE. 2001. The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review. In: Woods CA, ed. Biogeography of the West Indies: patterns and perspectives. New York: CRC Press, 201-235.
  • Wible JR. 1984. The ontogeny and phylogeny of the mammalian cranial arterial pattern. Phil Thesis. Duke University.
  • Wible JR, Rougier GW, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC. 2001. Earliest Eutherian ear region: a petrosal referred to Prokennalestes from the early Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3322: 1-44.
  • Winge H. 1915. Jordfundne og nulevende umlere (Edentata) fra Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brasilien. E Museo Lundii 3 (2): 1-321.
  • Wyss AR, Flynn JJ, Norell MA, Swisher CC III, Charrier R, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC. 1993. South America's earliest rodent and recognition of a new interval of mammalian evolution. Nature 365: 434-437.
  • Zarate MA, Bargo MS, Vizcaino SF, Dondas A, Scaglia O. 1998. Estructuras biogenicas en el Cenozoico tardio de Mar del Plata (Argentina) atribuibles a grandes mamiferos. Asociacion Argentina de Sedimentologia 5 (2): 95- 103.