Published December 31, 2000
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Review of the family Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with description of a new genus and species from Chile
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Gibson, Gary A. P., Huber, John T. (2000): Review of the family Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with description of a new genus and species from Chile. Journal of Natural History 34 (12): 2293-2314, DOI: 10.1080/002229300750037901, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300750037901
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- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFB7FFB0FFCCFF8F4B5EFF913955FF96
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- http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB7FFB0FFCCFF8F4B5EFF913955FF96
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- 2014 February 14 38 : 02 at ] Bath of University [ by Downloaded length so additional study is required prior to making reliable phylogenetic inferences. The structure of the lower valves of Chiloe is complex and our interpretation is tentative until their exact structure can be determined by serial sectioning of the ovipositor. Each lower valve appears to be composed of a large subtriangula r median (inner) lobe and a thin lateral (outer) wall that curves around under each median lobe to the other side so that the two lateral walls together form a double-layered sheath around the lower valves (®gures 30, 32) except apically (®gure 27 ). Apparently, the lateral walls can overlap to diOEering extents and because of this there may (®gure 27) or may not (®gure 30) be any external evidence of the median division between the two lower valves.
- The structure of the protibial spur has often been considered informative for inferring relationships within Chalcidoidea. Usually, described states of the protibial spur have been limited to `spur simple and straight' (needle-like) compared with `spur bifurcate and curved'. However, the Tetracampidae are often considered to have an intermediate structure because the spur is bifurcate but the tines are straight (Gibson et al., 1999). The protibial spur of R. basalis (®gure 42) is very similar to those known for Tetracampidae (BoucIek, 1958, ®gures 5±7; Domenichini, 1978, ®gure 13, bottom). The protibial spur of C. micropteron is similar but the inner tine is slightly angled relative to the outer tine (®gure 17 ). The groundplan structure of the protibial spur is uncertain for Chalcidoidea. A curved and only apically bi®d protibial spur has generally been thought to be the groundplan structure for Chalcidoidea because this is possessed by almost all Apocrita other than Chalcidoidea (Basibuyuk and Quicke, 1995 ) and is characteristic of those chalcidoid taxa with ®ve-segmented tarsi (Gibson et al., 1999). However, some Mymarommatoide a and Mymaridae have bifurcate spurs with relatively long and straight tines, and with the inner tine angled relative to the outer tine (Gibson et al., 1999 ), much like that of C. micropteron (®gure 17). This structure may therefore be the groundplan state for Chalcidoidea because of its distribution in Mymarommatoide a and Chalcidoidea. More extensive survey of protibial spur structure throughout Chalcidoidea is required prior to making con®dent phylogenetic inferences.
- The presence of a comb (`®ne comb' or `basitarsal comb' sensu Basibuyuk and Quicke, 1995) of spatulate setae (`paddle-shaped ' setae sensu Basibuyuk and Quicke, 1995 ) on the ventral surface of the basitarsus in Rotoitidae (®gures 18, 41 ) is characteristic of most Chalcidoidea. Basibuyuk and Quicke (1995) stated that the orientation of the basitarsal comb varies considerably among chalcidoid families and might be phylogenetically informative. The basitarsal comb is oriented longitudinally in many chalcidoids and in most Hymenoptera, but in some chalcidoids it is oblique or even nearly transverse (Basibuyuk and Quicke, 1995, ®gure 7H ). The basitarsal comb of C. micropteron is unusual because the basal four or ®ve spatulate setae originate transversely near the base of the basitarsus (®gure 18 ), but in lateral view the comb appears to be longitudinal (®gures 17, 18) because the setae are long and curved (®gure 18). The basitarsal comb of R. basalis has only three spatulate setae (®gure 41 ). A more extensive survey throughout Chalcidoidea is required to determine the exact structure of the basitarsal setae in diOEerent groups. It is necessary to diOEerentiate between lines of `paddle-shaped' setae sensu Basibuyuk and Quicke (1995 ) and similar-looking setae that constitute the basitarsal comb, and to determine whether the basitarsal comb is along the anteroventral margin of the basitarsus (®gures 18, 41; Basibuyuk and Quicke, 1995, ®gure 8B) or along the posteroventral margin (Basibuyuk and Quicke, 1995, ®gures 7G, 8C ).