Why does the Last Supper in the Gospel of St. John (13-17) contain no words of consecration?
Description
This paper seeks to answer the question posed in its title: Why does the Last Supper in the Gospel of John (13–17) contain no words of consecration? The article first argues that the Gospel of John has a six-element literary structure analogous to that of Exod 1–18. This argument draws on the work of many exegetes and a detailed comparative word-count analysis of all the pericopes of the four Gospels, carried out in this study.
The paper then presents four consecutive stages of Jesus’ life, described in the four successive pericopes of John 1:19–20:31, as His four-stage Exodus from this world to eternity.
Based on the thesis demonstrated in earlier studies (see for example: https://www.adoracja.bielsko.opoka.org.pl/praca_doktorska/USAProphetsM.html) — namely, that Exod 1–18 constitutes the six-element treaty document of the four-stage covenant-making ceremony performed by God and Israel — this paper interprets the whole earthly life of Jesus as analogous to the Exodus described in Exod 6:2–15:21. In this interpretation, Jesus’ life accomplishes the four successive elements of the ceremony of making the New Covenant. Consequently, this paper identifies the Gospel of John as the six-element treaty document of the New Covenant.
The central claim is that the Passion and Death pericope (John 18–19) describes Jesus’ irrevocable act of covenant-concluding, accomplished through His passage between the darknesses of the Abyss-Death. This covenant-concluding act is analogous to the act described in Exod 13:17–14:31, where God and Israel conclude the covenant through their passage between the waters of the Abyss — the Sea of Reeds. These observations make it possible to answer the question posed in the paper’s title.
Notes
Files
The Last Supper in John’s Gospel.pdf
Additional details
Related works
- Is identical to
- Book chapter: https://www.adoracja.bielsko.opoka.org.pl/praca_doktorska/EwangeliaJanaUSA.html (URL)
- Is version of
- Book chapter: https://www.adoracja.bielsko.opoka.org.pl/biblistyka/EwangeliaJanaPL.html (URL)
- References
- Book: 978-83-8144-634-1 (ISBN)
References
- Kosek, W. (2021). Dlaczego Ostatnia Wieczerza w Ewangelii św. Jana (13–17) nie zawiera słów konsekracji? In W. Chrostowski & M. Kowalski (Eds.), Kogo szukasz? (J 20:15): Księga pamiątkowa dla księdza profesora Henryka Witczyka w 65. rocznicę urodzin [Whom Are You Seeking? (Jn 20:15): Festschrift in Honor of Rev. Prof. Henryk Witczyk on His 65th Birthday], series Ad Multos Annos, vol. 21 (pp. 226–257). Warszawa. ISBN 978-83-8144-634-1.
- Kosek, W. (2008). Pierwotny ryt Paschy w świetle schematu literackiego Księgi Wyjścia 1–18 [The Original Rite of the Passover in the Light of the Literary Scheme of the Book of Exodus 1–18]. Kraków.
- Kosek, W. (2011). Zawarcie przymierza w Wj 1–18 na tle zwyczajów Bliskiego Wschodu [The Covenant-Making in Ex 1–18 on the Background of the Ancient Near Eastern Customs]. In T. Jelonek & R. Bogacz (Eds.), Biblia w kulturze świata. Między Biblią a kulturą I [The Bible in the Culture of the World: Between the Bible and Culture I] (pp. 9–32). Kraków.
- Kosek, W. (2012). Łamanie Chleba w 1Kor 11,24 a łamanie paschalnego Afikomanu w Hagadzie na Pesach i traktacie Pesachim ["Breaking of Bread" in 1Cor 11:24 and Breaking of Paschal Afikoman in The Passover Haggadah and The Tractate Pesahim]. In T. Jelonek & R. Bogacz (Eds.), Biblia w kulturze świata. Aspekty biblijnego przesłania. Część pierwsza [The Bible in the Culture of the World: Aspects of Biblical Message. Part One] (pp. 17–63). Kraków.
- Kosek, W. (2009). Nakaz głoszenia śmierci Pana «aż przyjdzie» (1Kor 11,26) w świetle porównawczej analizy gramatycznej [The Order to Proclaim the Death of the Lord "Until He Comes" (1Cor 11:26) in Light of Comparative Grammatical Analysis]. In W. Chrostowski (Ed.), Jak śmierć potężna jest miłość. Księga pamiątkowa ku czci Księdza Profesora Juliana Warzechy SAC (1944–2009) [Love Is as Strong as Death: A Commemorative Book in Honor of Rev. Professor Julian Warzecha (1944–2009)] (pp. 224–240). Ząbki.
- Witczyk, H. (1998). Gesù nel ruolo di Elia secondo Gv 1,19–34. Casale Monferrato.
- Mlakuzhyil, G. (2011). The Christocentric Literary-Dramatic Structure of John's Gospel. Second Enlarged Edition. Analecta Biblica, 117. Roma.
- Moloney, F. J. (1998). The Gospel of John. D. J. Harrington (Ed.). Sacra Pagina Series, vol. 4. Collegeville, Minnesota.
- Kruse, C. G. (2004). The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI.
- Barrett, C. K. (1985). The Gospel according to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text. 3rd ed. London.
- Brown, R. E. (1991). Giovanni. Commento spirituale. 4th ed. Assisi.
- Kręcidło, J. (2006). Duch Święty i Jezus w Ewangelii świętego Jana. Funkcja pneumatologii w chrystologicznej strukturze czwartej Ewangelii [The Holy Spirit and Jesus in the Gospel of St. John: The Function of Pneumatology in the Christological Structure of the Fourth Gospel]. Series Biblica Paulina, vol. 2. Częstochowa.
- Karczewski, M. (2012). Duch Prawdy jako przewodnik w świetle J 16,12–15 [The Spirit of Truth as a Guide in Light of Jn 16:12–15]. Studia Warmińskie, 49, 82.
- Szymanek, E. (1990). Wykład Pisma Świętego Nowego Testamentu [Lecture about the Holy Scripture of the New Testament]. Poznań.
- Mollat, D. (1991). Il Vangelo secondo S. Giovanni e le tre lettere: Introduzione. In Bibbia di Gerusalemme (pp. 2257–2264). Bologna.
- Braun, F.-M. (1960). L'Evangile de Saint Jean et les Grandes Traditions d'Israël IV: Moïse et l'Exode. Revue Thomiste, 68, 165–184.
- Smith, R. H. (1962). Exodus Typology in the Fourth Gospel. Journal of Biblical Literature, 81(4), 329–342.
- Fletcher, D. H. (2014). Signs in the Wilderness: Intertextuality and the Testing of Nicodemus. Eugene, Oregon.
- Korošec, V. (1931). Hethitische Staatsverträge. Ein Beitrag zu ihrer juristischen Wertung. Leipziger rechtswissenschaftliche Studien, Heft 60. Leipzig.
- Buis, P. (1976). La notion de l'Alliance dans l'Ancien Testament. Paris.
- Childs, B. S. (1974). The Book of Exodus: A Critical Theological Commentary. Philadelphia.
- Childs, B. S. (2004). The Struggle to Understand Isaiah as Christian Scripture. Grand Rapids, Michigan – Cambridge.
- Moo, D. J., & Naselli, A. D. (2016). The Problem of the New Testament's Use of the Old Testament. In D. A. Carson (Ed.), The Enduring Authority of the Christian Scriptures (pp. 702–746). Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge.
- Ratzinger, J. – Benedict XVI. (2007). Jesus of Nazareth. Part 1: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration. Translated from the German by Adrian J. Walker. New York – London – Toronto – Sydney – Auckland.
- Cantalamessa, R. (1998). Pascha naszego zbawienia. Tradycje paschalne Biblii i pierwotnego Kościoła [The Passover of Our Salvation: The Paschal Traditions of the Bible and the Early Church]. Translated by M. Brzezinka. Kraków.
- Cantalamessa, R. (1995). The Eucharist, Our Sanctification. Revised Edition. Translated by F. L. Villa. Collegeville, Minnesota.
- Barrosse, T. (1968). Pascha i wieczerza paschalna [The Passover and the Passover Supper]. Concilium, 1–10, 559.
- Musielak, J. M. (2001). Obraz Paschy w różnych okresach historycznych [The Image of the Passover in Various Historical Periods]. In W. Chrostowski (Ed.), Duch i Oblubienica mówią: przyjdź. Księga pamiątkowa dla O. Prof. A. Jankowskiego w 85. rocznicę urodzin [The Spirit and the Bride Say, Come: A Memorial Book for Rev. Prof. A. Jankowski on the 85th Anniversary of His Birth] (pp. 294, 298). Warszawa.
- הגדה של פסח / The Passover Haggadah. A Faithful English Rendering by A. Regelson, illustrated by Z. Kleinman. (1965). New York.
- הגדה של פסח. (1958). Tel-Aviv.
- Didache. In M. Starowieyski (Ed.). (1997). Eucharystia pierwszych chrześcijan. Ojcowie Kościoła nauczają o Eucharystii [Eucharist of the First Christians: Fathers of the Church Teach about Eucharist] (pp. 204–205). Kraków.
- Pius XII. (1947). Mediator Dei. Encyclical on the Sacred Liturgy. In R. Rak (Ed.), Eucharystia w wypowiedziach papieży i innych dokumentach Stolicy Apostolskiej XX w [Eucharist in the Statements of the Popes and Other Documents of the 20th-Century Holy See] (pp. 60–62). London, 1987.
- Second Vatican Council. (1965). Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation Dei Verbum.
- Jankowski, A. (2000). Jam jest Alfa i Omega (Ap 22,13). Dopowiedzeń chrystologii biblijnej. 2nd enlarged ed. [I Am the Alpha and the Omega (Rev 22:13): Explanatory Notes on Biblical Christology]. Kraków.
- Witczyk, H. (2010). Słowo Boże w życiu Kościoła w Polsce [God's Word in the Life of the Church in Poland]. In W. Chrostowski et al. (Eds.), Zeszyty naukowe Stowarzyszenia Biblistów Polskich [Academic Papers of the Association of Polish Biblical Scholars], no. 7 (p. 401). Warszawa.
- Kozyra, J. (2006). Nowe przykazanie miłości [The New Commandment of Love]. Collectanea Theologica, 76(4), 40.
- Keefe, S. A. (2002). Water and the Word: Baptism and the Education of the Clergy in the Carolingian Empire. Vol. II: Edition of the Texts. Notre Dame, Indiana.
- Russo, R., & Secondin, B. (2007). Elia, profeta della passione, compassione, e amicizia. Perugia.
- Pismo Święte Starego i Nowego Testamentu w przekładzie z języków oryginalnych. Opracował zespół biblistów polskich z inicjatywy benedyktynów tynieckich [The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, translated from the original languages]. 4th ed. (1996). Poznań.
- Pismo Święte Starego i Nowego Testamentu w przekładzie z języków oryginalnych ze wstępami i komentarzami. Opracował zespół tłumaczy pod redakcją ks. M. Petera (Stary Testament), ks. M. Wolniewicza (Nowy Testament) [The Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments, translated from the original languages, with introductions and comments]. 3rd ed. (1991). Poznań.
- Pismo Święte Nowego Testamentu i Psalmy. Przekład ekumeniczny na trzecie tysiąclecie [New Testament and Psalms: Ecumenical Translation for the Third Millennium]. (2001). Warszawa.
- Pismo święte Starego i Nowego Testamentu. Najnowszy przekład z języków oryginalnych z komentarzem [The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments: The Most Recent Translation from the Original Languages with Commentary]. (2008). Częstochowa.