Using Waste to Build Artificial Islands and Earthworks: The Case of the Maldives

The Republic of Maldives faces big threats. Sea-level rise is one threat. Land scarcity is another. Waste generation adds to the problems. This paper looks at using waste for land reclamation. It focuses on incinerator ash and construction debris. The study uses a mixed-methods approach. It examines Thilafushi as a waste island. It looks at Hulhumalé for sand reclamation. It reviews ash projects in Addu Atoll. The paper checks technical viability. It assesses environmental impacts. It evaluates socio-economic effects. It notes governance challenges. Findings show processed waste works well. It matches or beats coral sand. Costs drop by 48–62%. Environmental impacts fall by 42– 58%. Uncontrolled methods cause injustices. The paper suggests a framework. It includes a Waste-to-Land Authority. It calls for technical standards. It demands equity mandates. This helps circular adaptation. The ideas apply to other small islands.