Published June 17, 2026
| Version v1
Journal article
Open
Taxonomic studies on Hygrophorus in China: New species and revised taxonomy
Authors/Creators
- 1. College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, China|School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China|Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming, China
- 2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China|Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming, China
- 3. College of Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- 4. Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming, China|School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- 5. National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- 6. Facultad de Ciencias, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Description
A taxonomic revision of the genus Hygrophorus in China was conducted using integrated morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrLSU) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) gene. Our study confirms the recognition of five new species as H. atropurpureus and H. ochraceodiscus in sect. Hygrophorus; H. paulus and H. shennongjiaensis in sect. Pudorini; and H. aurantiophyllus in sect. Vividi. Phylogenetic analysis, based on ITS data and the concatenated ITS + nrLSU + tef1-α dataset, demonstrated that H. atropurpureus groups with H. aff. atropurpureus; H. ochraceodiscus is sister to H. brunneodiscus; H. aurantiophyllus forms a clade with H. vividus and an undescribed taxon; and H. paulus and H. shennongjiaensis group together with H. nemoreus. Detailed morphological descriptions, ecological notes and updated geographical distribution records are provided for these new taxa as well as for several previously described species. These findings bring the total number of confirmed Hygrophorus taxa in China to 63, establishing a more robust framework for understanding the diversity of this genus in the region.
Files
MC_article_186332.pdf
Files
(30.7 MB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:4d7aa53a49aeff929292748223be0729
|
30.0 MB | Preview Download |
|
md5:495a5f28dfb1eaba70a9e0afca301e58
|
751.6 kB | Preview Download |
Linked records
Additional details
References
- Adamčík S, Ližon P, Ripková S (2005) Hygrophorus taxa from Slovakia described by Kalchbrenner. Sydowia 57: 154–165.
- Agerer R (2012) Asexual reproduction of Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus by intracellular microsclerotia in root cells of Picea abies–a winner of ozone stress? Mycological Progress 11: 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-011-0757-y
- Bellanger JM, Lebeuf R, Sesli E, Loizides M, Schwarz C, Moreau PA, Liimatainen K, Larsson E (2021) Hygrophorus sect. Olivaceoumbrini: new boundaries, extended biogeography and unexpected diversity unravelled by transatlantic studies. Persoonia 46: 272–312. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.10
- Bellanger JM, Jolivet A, Dima B, Borgarino D, Moreau PA (2025) Hygrophorus fuscovinosus (section Limacini), espèce méconnue des chênaies thermophiles. Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 141: 169–191.
- Berkeley MJ, Curtis MA (1860) Characters of new fungi, collected in the North Pacific Exploring Expedition by Charles Wright. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4: 111–130.
- Bresadola G (1881–1990) Fungi Tridentini novi vel nondum delineati, descripti et iconibus illustrati. Tridenti.
- Campo E (2015) Hygrophorus, Hygrocybe e Cuphophyllus del Friuli Venezia Giulia. Ggruppo Micologico Sacilese, Viale Zancanaro, Sacile, 25–97.
- Candusso M (1997) Hygrophorus s.l., Fungi Europaei 6. Libreria Basso, Alassio.
- Castro J (2018) Estudos no xénero Hygrophorus: Hygrophorus nemoreus. Tarrelos 20(1): 22–27.
- Dentinger BTM, Didukh MY, Moncalvo JM (2011) Comparing COI and ITS as DNA barcode markers for mushrooms and allies (Agaricomycotina). PLoS ONE 6(9): e25081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025081
- Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf material. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11–15.
- Endo N, Tokoo R, Fukuda M, Yamada A (2018) Hygrophorus yukishiro sp. nov., a new vernal edible mushroom from Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Mycoscience 59: 449–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2018.03.002
- Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analyses program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
- Hart BTN, Smith JE, Luoma DL, Hatten JA (2018) Recovery of ectomycorrhizal fungus communities fifteen years after fuels reduction treatments in ponderosa pine forests of the Blue Mountains, Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management 422: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.03.050
- Haug I (2002) Identification of Picea-ectomycorrhizae by comparing DNA-sequences. Mycological Progress 1(2): 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0016-9
- He ZM, Yang ZL (2021) A new clitocyboid genus Spodocybe and a new subfamily Cuphophylloideae in the family Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). Mycokeys 79: 129–148. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.79.66302
- Hesler LR, Smith H (1963) North American species of Hygrophorus. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61976
- Hofstetter V, Buyck B, Eyssartier G, Schnee S, Gindro K (2019) The unbearable lightness of sequenced-based identification. Fungal Diversity 96: 243–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00428-3
- Huang HY, Yang SD, Zeng NK, Zhang GL, Hu Y, Tang LP (2018) Hygrophorus parvirussula sp. nov., a new edible mushroom from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 373(2): 139–146. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.2.4
- Huang HY, Zhao J, Zhang P, Ge ZW, Li X, Tang LP (2020) The genus Clavariadelphus (Clavariadelphaceae, Gomphales) in China. Mycokeys 70: 89–121. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.70.54149
- Huang HY, Zhang WH, Huang T, Gabriel M, Liu TZ, Tang LP (2021a) Hygrophorus russula complex (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. Mycological Progress 20: 1115–1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01715-7
- Huang HY, Zhang WH, Huang T, Tang LP (2021b) Hygrophorus aurantiosquamosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a new species of Hygrophorus section Chrysodontes from western China. Phytotaxa 528(5): 279–289. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.528.5.2
- Huang HY, Zhang WH, Huang T, Moreno G, Pu YJ, Fan YG, Yang SD, Liu TZ, Tang LP (2022a) Phylogeny and species diversity in Hygrophorus section Aurei in China. Mycological Progress 21: 79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01825-w
- Huang HY, Zhang WH, Huang T, Jiang S, Hao YJ, Mu M, Tang LP (2022b) Revising the species diversity of Hygrophorus section Olivaceoumbrini s.l. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. Mycological Progress 21: 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01789-x
- Huang HY, Wang R, Zhang WH, Yu FQ, Tang LP (2024) Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Hygrophorus robustus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 664(3): 181–190. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.664.3.3
- Jacobsson S, Larsson E (2007) Hygrophorus penarioides, a new species identified using morphology and ITS sequence data. Mycotaxon 99: 337–343. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.419210
- Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30(4): 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
- Kornerup A, Wanscher JH (1981) Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. Aufl. Göttingen: Muster-Schmidt Verlag.
- Lanfear R, Frandsen PB, Wright AM, Senfeld T, Calcott B (2016) PartitionFinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34(3): 772–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260
- Larsson E, Bendiksen K (2020) Hygrophorus betulae, a new species described from subalpine birch forest in Finland. Karstenia 58(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2020.484
- Larsson E, Jacobsson S (2004) Controversy over Hygrophorus cossus settled using ITS sequence data from 200 year-old type material. Mycological Research 108(7): 781–786. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204000310
- Larsson E, Campo E, Carbone M (2014) Hygrophorus exiguus, a new species in subgenus Colorati section Olivaceoumbrini, subsection Tephroleuci. Karstenia 54: 41–48. https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2014.462
- Larsson E, Jacobsson S (2014) Vilken vaxskivling var det som Fries beskrev som Agaricus pudorinus? Svensk Mykologisk Tidskrift 35: 5–9.
- Larsson E, Kleine J, Jacobsson S, Krikorev M (2018) Diversity within the Hygrophorus agathosmus group (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in northern Europe. Mycological Progress 17: 1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1445-y
- Leonardi M, Furtado A, Comandini O, Geml J, Rinaldi AC (2020) Halimium as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont: new records and an appreciation of known fungal diversity. Mycological Progress 19: 1495–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01641-0
- Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, Kovalenko A, Vizzini A, Dentinger BTM, Kirk PM, Ainsworth AM, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Larsson E, Lücking R, Griffith GW, Smith ME, Norvell LL, Desjardin DE, Redhead SA, Ovrebo CL, Lickey EB, Ercole E, Hughes KW, Courtecuisse R, Young A, Binder M, Minnis AM, Lindner DL, Ortiz-Santana B, Haight J, Læssøe T, Baroni TJ, Geml J, Hattori T (2014) Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). Fungal Diversity 64: 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0
- Marino ED (2008) Hygrophorus penarius on beech: between mutualism and parasitism? In: Marino ED, Montecchio L, Agerer R (Eds) The ectomycorrhizal community structure in beech coppices of different age. Tesi di Dottorato, Università degli Studi di Padova, 84–112.
- Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) "Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees" in Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), New Orleans, LA, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
- Moreau PA, Bellanger JM, Lebeuf R, Athanassiou Z, Athanasiades A, Lambert H, Schwarz C, Larsson E, Loizides M (2018) Hidden diversity uncovered in Hygrophorus sect. Aurei (Hygrophoraceae), including the Mediterranean H. meridionalis and the north American H. boyeri, spp. nov. Fungal Biology 122(8): 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.009
- Naseer A, Khalid AN, Healy R, Smith ME (2019) Two new species of Hygrophorus from temperate Himalayan Oak forests of Pakistan. Mycokeys 56: 33–47. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.56.30280
- Osmundson TW, Robert VA, Schoch CL, Baker LJ, Smith A, Robich G, Mizzan L, Garbelotto MM (2013) Filling gaps in biodiversity knowledge for macrofungi: contributions and assessment of an herbarium collection DNA barcode sequencing project. PLoS ONE 8(4): e62419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062419
- Papetti C (2025) Un nuovo Leccinellum delle Isole Canarie e un nuovo Hygrophorus primaverile trovato sui Monti Lessini. RdM 67(3): 195–223.
- Peck CH (1878) Report of the Botanist. New York State Museum Annual Report 29: 29–82.
- Rambaut A (2012) Molecular evolution, phylogenetics and epidemiology. FigTree 1.4.0. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ [accessed 13 July 2019]
- Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, Xie D, Baele G, Suchard MA (2018) Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Systematic Biology 67(5): 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032
- Rehner SA, Buckley E (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97(1): 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832842
- Ronquist F, Teslenko M, Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61(3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
- Schoch CL, Robbertse B, Robert V, Vu D, Cardinali G, Irinyi L, Meyer W, Nilsson RH, Hughes K, Miller AN, Kirk PM, Abarenkov K, Aime MC, Ariyawansa HA, Bidartondo M, Boekhout T, Buyck B, Cai Q, Chen J, Crespo A, Crous PW, Damm U, De Beer ZW, Dentinger BT, Divakar PK, Dueñas M, Feau N, Fliegerova K, García MA, Ge ZW, Griffith GW, Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M, Grube M, Gryzenhout M, Gueidan C, Guo L, Hambleton S, Hamelin R, Hansen K, Hofstetter V, Hong SB, Houbraken J, Hyde KD, Inderbitzin P, Johnston PR, Karunarathna SC, Kõljalg U, Kovács GM, Kraichak E, Krizsan K, Kurtzman CP, Larsson KH, Leavitt S, Letcher PM, Liimatainen K, Liu JK, Lodge DJ, Luangsa-ard JJ, Lumbsch HT, Maharachchikumbura SS, Manamgoda D, Martín MP, Minnis AM, Moncalvo JM, Mulè G, Nakasone KK, Niskanen T, Olariaga I, Papp T, Petkovits T, Pino-Bodas R, Powell MJ, Raja HA, Redecker D, Sarmiento-Ramirez JM, Seifert KA, Shrestha B, Stenroos S, Stielow B, Suh SO, Tanaka K, Tedersoo L, Telleria MT, Udayanga D, Untereiner WA, Diéguez Uribeondo J, Subbarao KV, Vágvölgyi C, Visagie C, Voigt K, Walker DM, Weir BS, Weiß M, Wijayawardene NN, Wingfield MJ, Xu JP, Yang ZL, Zhang N, Zhuang WY, Federhen S (2014) Finding needles in haystacks: linking scientific names, reference specimens and molecular data for Fungi. Database (Oxford) 2014: bau061 [1–21]. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bau061
- Sesli E, Antonin V, Contu M (2018) A new species of Hygrophorus, H. yadigarii sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae) with an isolate systematic position within the genus from the Colchic part of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 42(2): 224–232. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1706-64
- Shirakawa M, Ishikawa A, Fuchigami T, Tanaka M (2022) Assessment of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in a suburban secondary forest in the northwestern part of Tama area, Tokyo. Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 104(7): 351–362. https://doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.104.351
- Smith ME, Douhan GW, Rizzo DM (2007) Intra-specific and intra-sporocarp ITS variation of ectomycorrhizal fungi as assessed by rDNA sequencing of sporocarps and pooled ectomycorrhizal roots from a Quercus woodland. Mycorrhiza 18(1): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0148-z
- Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Systematic Biology 57(5): 758–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642
- Su C, Xiang Z, Liu Y, Zhao X, Sun Y, Li Z, Li L, Chang F, Chen T, Wen X, Zhou Y, Zhao F (2016) Analysis of the genomic sequences and metabolites of Serratia surfactantfaciens sp. nov. YD25T that simultaneously produces prodigiosin and serrawettin W2. BMC Genomics 17(1): 865. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3171-7
- Tang LP, Lee SS, Zeng NK, Cai Q, Zhang P, Yang ZL (2017) Notes on Amanita sect. Caesareae from Malaysia. Mycologia 109(4): 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1394789
- Taniguchi T, Kitajima K, Douhan GW, Yamanaka N, Allen MF (2018) A pulse of summer precipitation after the dry season triggers changes in ectomycorrhizal formation, diversity, and community composition in a Mediterranean forest in California, USA. Mycorrhiza 28: 665–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-018-0859-3
- Taylor DL, Hollingsworth TN, McFarland JW, Lennon NJ, Nusbaum C, Ruess RW (2014) A first comprehensive census of fungi in soil reveals both hyperdiversity and fine‐scale niche partitioning. Ecological monographs 84(1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1693.1
- Varga T, Krizsán K, Földi C, Dima B, Sánchez-García M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Szöllősi GJ, Szarkándi JG, Papp V, Albert L, Andreopoulos W, Angelini C, Antonín V, Barry KW, Bougher NL, Buchanan P, Buyck B, Bense V, Catcheside P, Chovatia M, Cooper J, Dämon W, Desjardin D, Finy P, Geml J, Haridas S, Hughes K, Justo A, Karasiński D, Kautmanova I, Kiss B, Kocsubé S, Kotiranta H, LaButti KM, Lechner BE, Liimatainen K, Lipzen A, Lukács Z, Mihaltcheva S, Morgado LN, Niskanen T, Noordeloos ME, Ohm RA, Ortiz-Santana B, Ovrebo C, Rácz N, Riley R, Savchenko A, Shiryaev A, Soop K, Spirin V, Szebenyi C, Tomšovský M, Tulloss RE, Uehling J, Grigoriev IV, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T, Martin FM, Miettinen O, Hibbett DS, Nagy LG (2019) Megaphylogeny resolves global patterns of mushroom evolution. Nature ecology & evolution 3(4): 668–678. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0834-1
- Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzy-matically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
- Wang CQ, Li TH (2020) Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 449(3): 232–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.3.3
- Wang CQ, Li TH, Zhang M, He XL, Qin WQ, Liu TZ, Zeng NK, Wang XH, Liu JW, Wei TZ, Xu J, Li YQ, Shen YH (2020) Hygrophorus subsection Hygrophorus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. Mycokeys 68: 49–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.68.53264
- Wang CQ, Li TH, Wang XH, Wei TZ, Zhang M, He XL (2021) Hygrophorus annulatus, a new edible member of the H. olivaceoalbus-complex from southwestern China. Mycoscience 62(2): 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.01.001
- Wang CQ, Zhang M, He XL, Liu JW, Wei TZ, Liu TZ, Wang K, Adamčík S, Li TH, Deng WQ (2023) Species diversity of Hygrophorus in China and a phylogenetic study of the genus. Mycosphere 14(1): 1742–1834. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/14/1/21
- White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (Eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
- Yu FQ, Xu GB, Liu PG (2007) A new and noteworthy species of Hygrophorus from Yunnan, China. Mycotaxon 100: 169–175. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.419225
- Zajta E, Varga T, Kovacs GM, Dima B (2019) New insights on Hygrophorus penarioides and H. penarius (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from Hungary. Phytotaxa 392(2): 127–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.392.2.2
- Zhang YX, Mao N, Fan L (2023) Hygrophorus viridiflavidus sp. nov. (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), from North China. Phytotaxa 579(3): 187–197. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.579.3.4
- Zhang YX, Mao N, Li Y, Li T, Fan L (2024) Species diversity of Hygrophorus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in Shanxi Province and description of Hygrophorus brunneodiscoides sp. nov. Microbiology China 51(12): 5159–5176. https://doi.org/10.13344/j.microbiol.china.240552