Published March 10, 2026
| Version v1
Journal article
Open
Confirmation, consequences and causes of extensive polyphyly in the oak gall wasp genus Dryocosmus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)
Description
Tang, Chang-Ti, Nicholls, James A, Melika, George, Buffington, Matthew L, Gates, Michael W, Lill, John T, Mapes, Carol C, Yang, Man-Miao, Abe, Yoshihisa, Stone, Graham N (2026): Confirmation, consequences and causes of extensive polyphyly in the oak gall wasp genus Dryocosmus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Insect Systematics and Diversity 10 (2): 1-23, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixag006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixag006
Files
source.pdf
Files
(3.6 MB)
| Name | Size | Download all |
|---|---|---|
|
md5:5cc7c70ea16dd04b74856b77d9245d49
|
3.6 MB | Preview Download |
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFC7C70EA16DD04BFF856B77D9245D49
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFC7C70EA16DD04BFF856B77D9245D49
References
- Abe Y, Melika G, Stone GN. 2007. The diversity and phylogeography of cynipid gallwasps (Hymenoptera:Cynipidae) of the oriental and eastern Palearctic regions, and their associated communities. Orient. Insects. 41:169-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2007.10417504
- Abe Y, Ide T, Su C-Y, et al. 2021. Leaf galls with the same morphology induced on the same plant species by two species of Latuspina (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with a description of a new species.Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 123:465-473. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013- 8797.123.3.465
- Acs Z, Melika G, Penzes Z, et al. 2007. The phylogenetic relationships between Dryocosmus, Chilaspis and allied genera of oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae: Cynipini). Syst. Entomol. 32:70-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00351.x
- Aebi A, Schonrogge K, Melika G. 2006. Parasitoid recruitment to the globally invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus. In: K Ozaki, Yukawa J, Ouhgushi T, Price PW, editors. Ecology and evolution of galling arthropods and their associates. Springer-Verlag. pp 103-121.
- Ashmead WH. 1881. On the cynipidous galls of Florida. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 9:ix -xxviii.
- Bailey R, Schonrogge K, Cook JM, et al. 2009. Host niches and defensive extended phenotypes structure parasitoid wasp communities. PLoS Biol. 7:e1000179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000179
- Barido-Sottani J, Boskova V, du Plessis L, et al. 2018. Taming the BEAST - A community teaching material resource for BEAST 2. Syst. Biol. 67:170-174. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syx060
- Beutenmuller W. 1911. Three new species of Cynipidae. (Hym.). Entomol. News. 22:197-198.
- Blaimer BB, Gotzek D, Brady SG, et al. 2020. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses re-write the evolution of parasitism within cynipoid wasps. BMC Evol. Biol. 20:155. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12862-020-01716-2
- Bouckaert R, Vaughan TG, Barido-Sottani J, et al. 2019. BEAST 2.5: an advanced software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Comput.Biol.15:e1006650.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006650
- Buffington ML, Morita SI. 2009. Not all oak gall wasps gall oaks: the description of Dryocosmus rileypokei, a new, apostate species of Cynipini from California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 111:244-253. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797-111.1.244
- Buffington ML, Forshage M, Liljeblad J, et al. 2020. World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): a key to higher level groups. Insect Syst. Divers. 4:1-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003
- Burks BD. 1979. Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: KV Krombein, PD Hurd, DR Smith, BD Burks, editors. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and apocrita. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp 1045-1107.
- Campbell BC, Steffen-Campbell JD, Werren JH. 1993. Phylogeny of the Nasonia species complex (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae) inferred from an internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and 28S rDNA sequences. Insect Mol. Biol. 2:225-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.1994. tb00142.x
- Cerasa G, Verde GL, Caleca V, et al. 2020. Description of the sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and disclosure of its life cycle. Zootaxa. 4742:zootaxa.4742.2.9. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9
- Cook JM, Rokas A, Pagel M, et al. 2002. Evolutionary shifts between host oak sections and host-plant organs in Andricus gallwasps. Evolution. 56:1821-1830.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002. tb00196.x
- Csoka G, Stone GN, Melika G. 2005. Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing Cynipidae. In: A Raman, CW Schaefer, TM Withers, editors. Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc. pp 573-642.
- Cuesta-Porta V, Melika G, Nicholls JA, et al. 2022. Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Druon Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with description of five new species. Zootaxa. 5132:1-92. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5132.1.1
- Cuesta-Porta V, Melika G, Nicholls JA, et al. 2023. Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species. Zootaxa. 5366:1-174. https://doi.org/10.11646/ zootaxa.5366.1.1
- Cuesta-Porta V, Melika G, Ferrer-Suay M, et al. 2025. Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa. 5617:1-195.http://doi.org/10.11646/ zootaxa.5617.1.1
- Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, et al. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing.Nat. Methods. 9:772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
- Denk T, Grimm GW, Manos PS. 2017. An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks: review of previous taxonomic schemes and synthesis of evolutionary patterns. In: E Gil-Pelegrin, JJ Peguero-Pina, D Sancho-Knapik, editors. Oaks physiological ecology. Exploring the functional diversity of genus quercus L. Springer. pp 13-38.
- Fang Z, Tang C-T, Nicholls JA, et al. 2020. A new genus of oak gallwasp, Heocynips Fang, Nieves-Aldrey, and Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), from China. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 122:787-804. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.122.4.787
- Giraud JE. 1859. Signalements de quelques especes Nouvelles de Cynipides et de leurs galles. Verhandlungen Des Zoologisch- Botanischen Vereins in Wien 9:337-374.
- Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, et al. 2010. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 59:307-321. https://doi. org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010
- Hearn J, Gobbo E, Nieves-Aldrey JL, et al. 2024. Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes resolves complex gall wasp relationships. Syst. Entomol. 49:110-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12611
- Hebert PDN, Ratnasingham S, deWaard JR. 2003. Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species.Proc. Biol. Sci. 270:S96-S99.https://doi.org/10.1098/ rsbl.2003.0025
- Hipp AL, Manos PS, Hahn M, et al. 2020. Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny. New Phytol. 226:1198-1212. https://doi. org/10.1111/nph.16162
- Hoang DT, Chernomor O, von Haeseler A, et al. 2018. UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35:518-522. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281
- Ide T, Abe Y. 2015. A new species of Dryocosmus Giraud (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) in Japan and Korea -first record of Eastern Palearctic Dryocosmus species showing alternation of generations on section Cerris oaks. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 117:467-480.https:// doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.117.4.467
- Ide T, Abe Y. 2016. First description of asexual generation and taxonomic revision of the gall wasp genus Latuspina (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 109:812-830. https://doi. org/10.1093/aesa/saw051
- Ide T, Abe Y. 2019. Heterogony in Cycloneuroterus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from rearing experiments and DNA barcoding. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 112:482-489. https://doi.org/10.1093/ aesa/saz035
- Ide T, Wachi N, Abe Y. 2010. Discovery of a new Plagiotrochus species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) inducing galls on the evergreen oak in by on 01 June 2026 Japan. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 103:838-843. https://doi.org/ 10.1603/AN10101
- Ide T, Wachi N, Abe Y. 2026. Taxonomic revision of two species of Aphelonyx (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) described in Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-026-00958-8
- Jouault C, Nel A, Perrichot V, et al. 2022. Multiple drivers and lineage-specific insect extinctions during the Permo -Triassic. Nat. Commun. 13:7512.
- Kass RE, Raftery AE. 1995.Bayes factors.J.Am. Stat.Assoc. 90:773-795. https://doi.org/10.2307/2291091
- Katoh K, Rozewicki J, Yamada KD. 2019. MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Brief. Bioinform. 20:1160-1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/ bib/bbx108
- Kinsey AC. 1922. New Pacific coast Cynipidae (Hymenoptera). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 46:279-295.
- Klopfstein S, Vilhelmsen L, Heraty JM, et al. 2013. The Hymenopteran tree of life: evidence from protein-coding genes and objectively aligned ribosomal data.PLoS One. 8:e69344.https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0069344
- Larsson A. 2014. AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large data sets. Bioinformatics. 30:3276-3278. http://dx. doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
- Liljeblad J, Ronquist F, Nieves-Aldrey J-L, et al.2008.A fully web-illustrated morphological phylogenetic study of relationships among oak gall wasps and their closest relatives (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae).Zootaxa. 1796:73. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1796.1.1
- Liu B, Ren Y, Su C, et al. 2024. Chromosome-level genome assembly of Oriental chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus). Sci. Data. 11:963. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03827-7
- Lobato-Vila I, Sala-Nishikawa A, Melika G, et al. 2022. A catalogue, revision, and regional perspective of Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental oak gall wasps and their inquilines (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini, Synergini, Ceroptresini). Zootaxa. 5161:1-71. https://doi. org/10.11646/zootaxa.5161.1.1
- Lu P-F, Zhu D-H, Yang X-H, et al. 2012. Phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA COI gene suggests cryptic Dryocosmus kuriphilus associated with certain populations of Chinese chestnuts (Castanea spp.). Chin. J. Appl. Entomol. 49:161-167.
- Lyon R. 1970. Heterogony in Callirhytis serricornis (Kinsey) (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea).Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 72:176-178.
- Malm T, Nyman T. 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics. 31:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069
- Maturana R, Brewer BJ, Klaere S, et al. 2019. Model selection and parameter inference in phylogenetics using Nested Sampling. Syst. Biol. 68:219-233. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy050
- Melika G. 2006. Gall wasps of Ukraine Cynipidae; Vol. I & II. Vestnik Zoologii.
- Melika G, Abrahamson WG. 2000. Historical review and current state of the world generic classification of oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). In: AD Austin, M Dawton, editors. Hymenoptera: evolution, biodiversity, and biological control. CSIRO Publishing. p 218-230.
- Melika G, Abrahamson WG. 2002. Review of the world genera of oak cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). In: G Melika, C Thuroczy, editors. Parasitic wasps: evolution, systematics, biodiversity and biological control. p. 150-190.
- Melika G, Nicholls JA. 2021. A new genus of Nearctic oak gall wasp, Grahamstoneia Melika and Nicholls, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa. 4999:456-468. https://doi. org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.5.4
- Melika G, Tang C-T, Nicholls JA, et al. 2011. Four new species of Dryocosmus gallwasps from Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). ISRN Zool. 2011:1. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/725180
- Melika G, Buss EA, Nicholls JA, et al. 2013. Life cycle of Disholcaspis quercusvirens (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) with a description of the sexual generation. Fla. Entomol. 96:991-1001. https://doi. org/10.1653/024.096.0337
- Melika G, Pujade-Villar J, Abe Y, et al. 2010. Palaearctic oak gallwasps galling oaks (Quercus) in the section Cerris: re-appraisal of generic limits, with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini).Zootaxa. 2470:1-79.https://doi.org/10.11646/ zootaxa.2470.1.1
- Melika G, Nicholls JA, Abrahamson WG, et al. 2021a. New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa. 5084:1-131. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
- Melika G, Pujade-Villar J, Nicholls JA, et al. 2021b. Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls,Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld.Zootaxa. 4993:1-81. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4993.1.1
- Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, et al. 2020. IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era.Mol. Biol. Evol. 37:1530-1534.https://doi.org/10.1093/ molbev/msaa015
- Nicholls JA, Melika G, Stone GN. 2017. Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in cynipid gall wasps. Am. Nat. 189:67-77. https://doi. org/10.1086/689399
- Nicholls JA, Challis RJ, Mutun S, et al. 2012. Mitochondrial barcodes are diagnostic of shared refugia but not species in hybridizing oak gallwasps. Mol. Ecol. 21:4051-4062. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-294X.2012.05683.x
- Nicholls JA, Melika G, DeMartini J, et al. 2018. New species of Dryocosmus Giraud gallwasps from California (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) galling Chrysolepis Hjelmq. (Fagaceae). Zootaxa. 4532:407-433. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa. 4532.3.6
- Nicholls JA, Melika G, Digweed SC, et al. 2022. Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa. 5145:1-79. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5145.1.1
- Nieves-Aldrey JL, Nicholls JA, Tang C-T, et al. 2021. Re-description and systematic re-appraisal of the genus Kokkocynips Pujade-Villar & Melika, (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including new combinations of Nearctic species and the description of a new species from Panama. Zootaxa. 4938:zootaxa.4938.2.3.https://doi.org/10.11646/ zootaxa.4938.2.3
- Ogilvie HA, Bouckaert RR, Drummond AJ. 2017. Starbeast2 brings faster species tree inference and accurate estimates of substitution rates.Mol. Biol. Evol. 34:2101-2114. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx126
- Osten Sacken R. 1861. On the Cynipidae of the North American oaks and their galls. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila. 1:47-72.
- Osten Sacken R. 1870. Contributions to the natural history of the Cynipidae of the United States and their galls. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 3:54-64.
- Paradis E, Claude J, Strimmer K. 2004. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics. 20:289-290. https:// doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg412
- Penzes Z, Tang C-T, Stone GN, et al. 2018. Current status of the oak gallwasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) fauna of the Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. Zootaxa. 4433:245-289. https:// doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4433.2.2
- Pujade-Villar J, Bellido D, Segu G, et al. 2001. Current state of knowledge of heterogony in Cynipidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Syst. Entomol. ICHN-SCL. 11:87-107.
- Pujade-Villar J, Hanson P, Medina CA, et al. 2012. A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini).Zookeys. 210:75-104.https://doi.org/10.3897/ zookeys.210.3014
- Pujade-Villar J, Cibrian-Tover D, Cibrian-Llanderal VD, et al. 2014. A new genus of oak gallwasp,Melikaiella Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), from the Nearctic region. Dugesiana. 21:1-29.
- Pujade-Villar J, Kang M, Bae J, et al. 2020. Current state of knowledge of the Korean Cynipini: subspecies description, new combinations by on 01 June 2026 and checklist (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 23:1208-1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2020.08.012
- Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, Xie D, et al. 2018. Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetic using Tracer 1.7. Syst. Biol. 67:901-904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032
- Reyes-Hernandez JL, Solodovnikov A. 2024. Two new rove beetle genera in Staphylininae that reduce "Heterothops" and "Quedius" taxonomic wastebaskets (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Zookeys. 1218:81-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1218.135558
- Rokas A, Atkinson RJ, Webster LMI, et al. 2003a. Out of Anatolia: longitudinal gradients in genetic diversity support an eastern origin for a circum-Mediterranean oak gallwasp Andricus quercustozae. Mol. Ecol. 12:2153-2174. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01894.x
- Rokas A, Melika G, Abe Y, et al. 2003b. Lifecycle closure, lineage sorting and hybridisation revealed in a phylogenetic analysis of European oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) using mitochondrial sequence data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26:36-45. https://doi. org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00329-9
- Ronquist F, Nordlander G. 1989. Skeletal morphology of an archaic cynipoid, Ibalia rufipes (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae). Entomol. Scand. Suppl. 33:1-60.
- Ronquist F, Nieves-Aldrey J-L, Buffington ML, et al. 2015. Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: the plot thickens. PLoS One. 10:e0123301. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123301
- Roskam JC. 2019. Plant galls of Europe; vol. III: References, plates, index. KNNV Uitgeverij.
- RStudio Team 2021. RStudio: integrated development environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/..
- Skilling J. 2006. Nested sampling for general Bayesian computation. Bayesian Anal. 1:833-860. https://doi.org/10.1214/06-BA127
- Sottile S, Nicholls JA, Stone GN, et al. 2025. An integrative taxonomic approach to describe Andricus pseudomultiplicatus sp. nov. and establish new synonymies in Andricus Hartig, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa. 5609:451-478. https://doi. org/10.11646/zootaxa.5609.4.1
- Stone GN, Atkinson RJ, Rokas A, et al. 2008. Evidence for widespread cryptic sexual generations in apparently asexual Andricus gallwasps. Mol. Ecol. 17:652-665.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007. 03573.x
- Stone GN, Hernandez-Lopez A, Nicholls JA, et al. 2009. Extreme host plant conservatism during at least 20 million years of host plant pursuit by oak gallwasps. Evolution. 63:854-869. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00604.x
- Stone GN, Schonrogge K, Atkinson RJ, et al. 2002. The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47:633-668. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento. 47.091201.145247
- Tang C-T, Miko I, Nicholls JA, et al. 2016. New Dryocosmus Giraud species associated with Cyclobalanopsis and non- Quercus host plants from the Eastern Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). JHR. 53:77-162. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.53.9890
- Tavakoli M, Hosseini-Chegeni A, Stone GN, et al. 2021. The gall wasp fauna of Iran (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae): a species list and biogeographic perspective.Zootaxa. 4948:301-335.https://doi. org/10.11646/zootaxa.4948.3.1
- Wachi N, Abe Y. 2010. Taxonomic status of the oak gall wasp Callirhytis hakonensis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with description of the sexual generation. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 103:322-326. https://doi. org/10.1603/AN09128
- Ward AKG, Bagley RK, Egan SP, et al. 2022. Speciation in Nearctic gall wasps is frequently correlated with changes in host plant, host organ, or both. Evolution. 76:1849-1867. https://doi.org/10.1111/ evo.14562
- Weld LH. 1944. New American cynipids from galls. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 95:1-24, 2 pls.
- Weld LH. 1952a. New American cynipid wasps from galls. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 102:315-342.
- Weld LH. 1952b. Cynipoidea (Hym.) 1905-1950 being a supplement to the Dalla Torre and Kieffer monograph, the Cynipidae in Das Tierreich, Leiferung 24, 1910 and bringing the systematic literature of the world up to date, including keys to families and subfamilies and list of new generic, specific and variety names. Privately Printed..
- Weld LH. 1957. Cynipid galls of the Pacific slope (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea): an aid to their identification. Privately Printed..
- Weld LH. 1959. Cynipid galls of the Eastern United States. Privately Printed..
- Weld LH. 1960. Cynipid galls of the Southwest. Privately Printed..
- WFO. Quercus palustris Munchh. 2025. http://www.worldfloraonline. org/taxon/wfo-0000292323.
- Zaharias P, Lemoine F, Gascuel O. 2023. Robustness of Felsenstein's versus transfer bootstrap supports with respect to taxon sampling. Syst. Biol. 72:1280-1295. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syad052
- Zhang YM, Williams JL, Lucky A. 2019. Understanding UCEs: a comprehensive primer on using ultraconserved elements for arthropod phylogenomics.Insect Syst. Divers. 3:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/ isd/ixz016
- Zhu D-H, Liu Z, Lu P-F, et al. 2015. New gall wasp species attacking chestnut trees: Dryocosmus zhuili n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Castanea henryi from Southeastern China. J. Insect Sci. 15:156. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iev118