Photographs or Mobile Maps? - Displaying Landmarks in Pedestrian Navigation Systems

Research Question: Should photographs of landmarks be displayed in indoor
pedestrian navigation systems? At which point of the navigational task can
these interfaces support the user?
Approach: Two different navigation prototypes were implemented: one of
them used photographs of landmarks to explain the route, whereas the other
one showed a mobile map.
Method: The time it took the users to orient themselves was recorded with
the smartphone application and served as a depended variable.
Results: Users performed significantly better with the navigation prototype
using photographs, especially if the navigation instruction is given at a route
point with a high branching factor and thus high complexity.