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Table 1 in Scientists' warning - The outstanding biodiversity of islands is in peril
Authors/Creators
- 1. Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Publica de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 2. Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Go ¨ ttingen, 37077 Go ¨ ttingen, Germany & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 3. Biogeography and Biodiversity Lab, Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 4. Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 5. UMR PVBMT, Universite´de La R´eunion, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La R´eunion, France & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 6. Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE 3 c) / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Acores, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, 9700 - 042 Angra do Heroísmo, Acores, Portugal & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 7. School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, 6140 Wellington, New Zealand & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 8. D´el´egation`a la Recherche, Government of French Polynesia, 98713 Papeete, French Polynesia & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 9. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain & Board of the Society of Island Biology
- 10. School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai] i, 96822 Honolulu, Hawai] i, USA & Board of the Society of Island Biology
Description
Table 1 Examples of radiation events of selected island taxa, contributing significantly to the world’ s biodiversity.
| Island/ archipelago | Taxa | Species number | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caribbean islands | Anolis lizards | ≃ 155 | Losos (2009) |
| Coccothrinax palms | 50 | Dransfield et al. (2008) | |
| Gal´apagos | Bulimulus land snails | 70 | Chambers (1991) |
| Darwin’ s finches (Geospizinae) | 15 | Grant & Grant (2008) | |
| Scalesia (Asteraceae) | 15 | Fern´andez-Mazuecos et al. (2020) | |
| Hawai ʻ i | Drosophilid flies | ≃ 1000 | O’ Grady & Desalle (2018) |
| Trigonidiinae crickets | 173 | Shaw (1995) | |
| Lobeliads (Campanulaceae) | ≃ 126 | Givnish et al. (2009) | |
| Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) | 60 | Kleinkopf et al. (2019) | |
| Hylaeus bees | 60 | Magnacca (2007) | |
| Honeycreepers (Drepanidinae) | ≃ 60 | Pratt (2005) | |
| Tetragnatha spiders | 56 | Cotoras et al. (2018) | |
| Silverswords (Asteraceae) | 28 | Baldwin & Sanderson (1998) | |
| Macaronesia | Laparocerus beetles | 236 (sp. & ssp.) | Machado et al. (2017) |
| Napaeus snails | 77 | Alonso & Iba˜nez (2015) | |
| Dysdera spiders | 64 | Arnedo et al. (2000); Macías-Hern´andez et al. (2016); Crespo et al. (2020) | |
| Tarphius beetles | 64 | Emerson & Oromí (2005); Borges et al. (2008); Borges et al. (2017) | |
| Aeonium clade (Crassulaceae) | 60 | Arechavaleta et al. (2005); Borges et al. (2008); Arechavaleta et al. (2010); Borges et al. (2010) | |
| Sonchus clade (Asteraceae) | 35 | Cho et al. (2019) | |
| Echium (Boraginaceae) | 29 | García-Maroto et al. (2009); Carvalho et al. (2010) | |
| Madagascar | Dombeya (Malvaceae) | ≃ 175 | Skema (2012) |
| Dypsis palms | 170 | Dransfield & Beentje (1995) | |
| Psychotria (Rubiaceae) | 143 | Taylor (2020) | |
| Lemurs (Lemuroidea) | 117 | Herrera (2017) | |
| Pandanus (Pandanaceae) | ≃ 100 | Callmander & Laivao (2003) | |
| Vangas birds (Vangidae) | 22 | Jønsson et al. (2012) | |
| Mascarenes | Cratopus (Curculionidae) | 80 | Kitson et al. (2013) |
| Psiadia (Asteraceae) | 27 | Strijk et al. (2012) | |
| Dombeyoideae (Malvaceae) | 23 | Le P´echon et al. (2013) | |
| New Caledonia | Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) | 116 | Munzinger et al. (2016) |
| Psychotria (Rubiaceae) | 85 | Barrabe´et al. (2014) | |
| Lygosominae skinks | ≃ 50 | Smith et al. (2007) | |
| Diplodactylid geckos | 36 | Skipwith et al. (2019) | |
| New Guinea | Orchidaceae | ≃ 2800 | Vollering et al. (2016) |
| Microhylid frogs (Asterophryinae) | > 200 | Rivera et al. (2017) | |
| Birds of paradise (Paradisaeidae) | ≃ 40 | Heads (2001) | |
| New Zealand | Hebe (Plantaginaceae) | 120 | Bayly & Kellow (2006) |
| Cicadas (Cicadidae) | 55 | Arensburger et al. (2004) | |
| Olearia (Asteraceae) | 44 | https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species | |
| Diplodactylid geckos | 36 | Nielsen et al. (2011) | |
| French Polynesia | Mecyclothorax ground beetle | 101 | Liebherr (2013) |
| Miocalles flightless weevils | 67 | Paulay (1985) | |
| Partula tree snails | 60 | Lee et al. (2014) | |
| Bidens (Asteraceae) | 24 | Knope et al. (2020) | |
| Sulawesi | Tylomelania freshwater gastropods | 35 | Von Rintelen & Glaubrecht (2005) |
| Ogasawara | Mandarina snails | 17 | Chiba (1999) |
| Philippines | Orchidaceae | ≃ 1200 | Buenavista (2017) |
| Earthworm mice (Apomys) | 30 | Heaney et al. (2016) | |
| Cloud rats (Murinae) | 18 | Heaney et al. (2016) | |
| Fiji | Psychotria (Rubiaceae) | 77 | Heads (2006) |
| Strumigenys Trap-jaw ants | 23 | Sarnat et al. (2019) | |
| Homalictus bees | 22 | Groom et al. (2013) | |
| Juan Fern´andez | Dendroseris (Asteraceae) | 11 | Sang et al. (1994) |
The approximate number of endemic species is given and includes both extant and extinct species.All references in this table can be found in Table S1 in the Online Supporting Information.
Notes
Published as part of Fernández-Palacios, José María, Kreft, Holger, Irl, Severin D. H., Norder, Sietze, Ah-Peng, Claudine, Borges, Paulo A. V., Burns, Kevin C., de Nascimento, Lea, Meyer, Jean-Yves, Montes, Elba & Drake, Donald R., 2021, Scientists' warning - The outstanding biodiversity of islands is in peril, pp. 4 in Global Ecology and Conservation 31 on page 4, DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01847, http://zenodo.org/record/14744093
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References
- Losos, J. B., Ricklefs, R. E., 2009. Adaptation and diversification on islands. Nature 457, 830 - 836. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 07893.
- Grant, P., Grant, R., 2008. How and why species multiply. The radiation of Darwin' s finches. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Baldwin, B. G., Sanderson, M. J., 1998. Age and rate of diversification of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 402 - 406.
- Borges, P. A. V., Lamelas-L´opez, L., Amorim, I. R., Danielczak, A., Nunes, R., Serrano, A. R. M., Boieiro, M., Rego, C., Hochkirch, A., Vieira, V., 2017. Conservation status of the forest beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Azores, Portugal. Biodivers. Data J. 5, 14557 https: // doi. org /: 10.3897 / BDJ. 5. e 14557.