Advances in Visuospatial Orienting Functions Assessment on Cerebral Visual Impairment: A Systematic Review

Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is a brain-based visual disorder with an increasing incidence worldwide. Its diagnosis can be challenging, as visual acuity is often normal or near-normal in many cases. Visuospatial orienting functions (VOF) are higher-order, non-verbal abilities that process perceptual stimuli and mental images, enabling individuals to interact with their environment. Assessing VOF can reveal impairments in specific higher-order visual skills. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review is to collect and analyse evidence related to the assessment of VOF in CVI subjects up to 18 years old and to identify the main biomarkers associated with this impairment. To achieve this goal, a systematic review of the literature was conducted, including primary research published between 2014 and 2024.