The simulated wind speed and weather station observation data of WRF-chem in the Taklimakan Desert region after the introduction of the new TOFD, as well as the error statistics of the simulation results of PM10

By introducing a new developed turbulent orographic form drag (TOFD) parameterization scheme with tens-meter-resolution terrain data in the WRF-Chem model, we show that the overestimated surface wind was reduced by 45% during one-month simulations. The surface and near-surface wind RMSEs were reduced significantly against observations from 41 meteorological stations and one radio-sounding station on the Taklimakan Desert, by approximately 20% and 5%. As a result, the overestimated sandstorm area and PM10 were largely reduced based on an investigation in an intense sandstorm event, by approximately 42% and 25%. The results conclusively indicate that the new TOFD scheme with high-resolution terrain data sufficiently resolving the sand dunes can well account for the small dune's drags on the near-surface atmosphere on deserts. The original data provided for reviewers or readers tu verify our study.