Global Gross Primary Productivity of Vegetation During the Last Glacial Maximum, Mid-Holocene, and Pre-Industrial Period

This study employs eco-evolutionary optimality theory to model global gross primary productivity (GPP) of vegetation, as well as the C3 and C4 plant fractions during the Last Glacial Maximum, Mid-Holocene, and Pre-industrial periods. The modeling framework integrates the P model (Prentice et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017; Stocker et al., 2020;Harrison et al.,2021), the LAI model (Cai et al., 2023; Zhou et al., 2024), the C3/C4 competition model (Lavergne et al., 2024), and the SPLASH model (Davis et al., 2017).