Published February 28, 2022
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Table 1 in Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys
Authors/Creators
- 1. * Iain Darbyshire, & University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.
- 2. * & Lucinda A. McDade & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW & * & Lucinda A. McDade & AE, United Kingdom & Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag & WITS 2050, South Africa
- 3. California Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U. S. A.
Description
Table 1. Key morphological characters for the major lineages of Acanthaceae. Table includes some exceptions to general trends within a given lineage but is not comprehensive in terms of all exceptions that exist.
| Character | Nelsonioideae | Avicennioideae | Thunbergioideae | Acantheae | Physacantheae | Andrographideae | Barlerieae | Neuracantheae | Whitfieldieae | Ruellieae | Justicieae | Character |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cystoliths | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Cystoliths |
| Corolla aestivation | Descendingcochlear | Left-contort, slightly imbricate, or valvate | Left-contort; rarely ascendingcochlear | Ascendingcochlear or “open” | Left-contort | Ascendingcochlear | Quincuncial | Induplicate | Left-contort | Left-contort | Ascending-cochlear | Corolla aestivation |
| No. of fertile stamens | 2 or 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 or 4 | 4 | 2 (Lankesteria) or 4 | 2 or 4 | 2 or 4 | No. of fertile stamens |
| No. of anther thecae per fertile stamen | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2, or mixed 2×2-thecous and 2×1-thecous | Mixed 2×2-thecous and 2×1-thecous | 2 | 2 | 1 or 2; if 4 stamens then 2-thecous or mixed 2×2-thecous, 2×1-thecous | No. of anther thecae per fertile stamen |
| Pollen characteristics | 3-colpate to 3-colporate, pseudocolpi absent | 3-colporate, pseudocolpi absent | Spiraperturate, 3–6-colpate, or 7–9-lobate and -colpate, pseudocolpi absent | Usually 3-colpate, sometimes with numerous short colpus-like apertures dividing grains into polygonal regions, rarely with pseudocolpi | 3-colporate, 9-pseudocolpate | 3-colporate, 3-pororate, ectoapertural membrane and/or thickened margin often with spines, pseudocolpi absent | Mostly 3-colporate or 3-porate, interapertural exine often coarsely reticulate, pseudocolpi absent ͡ | 3-colporate, interapertural exine finely perforate, pseudocolpi absent | Usually lenticular, 2-pororate with ectoaperture usually very large, sometimes 3-pororate or spherical and pantoforate, pseudocolpi absent | Diverse; germinal apertures 2 to many, porate to colporate or pantoforate; tectum often raised flanking apertures, pseudocolpi often present and usually more than 2 between germinal apertures | Diverse, germinal apertures 2–6, (porate to) pororate to colporate, pseudocolpi often present but rarely (if ever) more than 2 between germinal apertures | Pollen characteristics |
| Fruit characteristics | Mostly small capsules varying from thin- to thickwalled, sometimes rostrate | Leathery to fleshy capsule that is non-explosive, and tardily dehiscent | Large woody rostrate capsule; OR globose or ellipsoid drupe | Fusiform or shortly rostrate capsule | Linear capsule | Linear and 4-angular or compressed elliptic, oblanceolate or narrowly oblong capsule | Fusiform or rostrate capsule, rarely stipitate | Fusiform or rostrate capsule | Stipitate or fusiform capsule | Stipitate, linear or fusiform capsule | Stipitate, sometimes also shortly rostrate capsule | Fruit characteristics |
| Hooked retinacula | Absent | Absent | Absent | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Hooked retinacula |
| No. of ovules* | 8 to many | 4 | 1, 2 or 4 | 4 | 6–10 | 4 to many | 4 | 2 or 4 | 2 or 4 | 2–32 | 2 or 4 | No. of ovules* |
| No. of seeds* | 8–30 (–68) | 1 | 1, 2 or 4 | 2–4 | (4–) 6–10 | 4 to many | 2–4 | 2–4 | 2–4 | 2–28 | 2–4 | No. of seeds* |
| Seed sculpture / trichomes | Variably smooth, pitted, with minute protrusions and with or without hygroscopic trichomes (these simple or branched) | Smooth | Smooth or sculptured, with a prominent scar or hole on one side (in drupaceous genera, a woody stone) | Dense hygroscopic trichomes, dense scales or tuberculate, glandular puberulous, smooth or glabrous, or otherwise variable | With pale straight or flexuose papillae-like trichomes | With or without dense hygroscopic trichomes or non-hygroscopic trichomes, smooth or sculptured | Dense hygroscopic trichomes or fine?non-hygroscopic trichomes, rarely glabrous and smooth | Dense hygroscopic trichomes | Raised concentric rings at least towards the rim; glabrous or (Lankesteria) with hygroscopic trichomes | Dense hygroscopic trichomes or these restricted to the rim, rarely absent | Smooth or often sculptured (tubercles, spines, verrucae, etc.), and/or with hygroscopic or non-hygroscopic trichomes | Seed sculpture / trichomes |
| Other diagnostic or informative characters | Flowers often alternate to spirally arranged on inflorescence, although can be opposite | Mangrove shrubs or trees with pneumatophores, and plants cryptoviviparous | Often twiners; flowers subtended by paired clasping bracteoles | Leaves often variegated; long-cylindric or inflated calyx with short lobes | Cystoliths can occur in adjoining cells | Calyx bilabiate (anterior lip 2-notched, posterior lip 3-notched) | Inflorescence units often subtended by conspicuous paired clasping bracteoles | Filament curtain usually present, and thecae sometimes with basal appendages | Anther thecae sometimes offset to superposed and/or oblique, and one or both thecae sometimes with basal appendages | Other diagnostic or informative characters |
Notes
Published as part of Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F. & Kiel, Carrie A., 2022, Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys, pp. 112-113 in TAXON 71 (1) on page 112, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12600, http://zenodo.org/record/14047424
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- Is part of
- Journal article: 10.1002/tax.12600 (DOI)
- Journal article: urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFB1370CFFE88B4D456CC919962F943F (LSID)
- Journal article: http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFB1370CFFE88B4D456CC919962F943F (URL)
- Journal article: http://zenodo.org/record/14047424 (URL)