Source population and time spent in captivity affect survival and reproduction of long-distance translocated northern bobwhites

Northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) have become a species of great conservation priority because of widespread and ongoing population declines. Long-distance translocations are becoming increasingly used to access a source population with densities high enough to support translocation. Two key uncertainties exist regarding the efficacy of long-distance translocations: choosing a source population with adaptations that will be successful in a novel environment and mitigating the stress response common during the translocation process. We translocated bobwhites from the South Texas Plains and the Floridian Coastal Plain to a recipient site in the Floridian Coastal Plain in 2021 and 2022 to compare the survival and productivity of bobwhites translocated from two different source populations. We also evaluated how varying holding times during the translocation process influenced the success of the translocated individuals. Breeding season survival, nest propensity, and fecundity were greater for Florida resident and Florida translocated bobwhites relative to Texas translocated bobwhites. We observed high rates of mortality during the transport and holding processes, but holding time did not affect breeding season survival of Texas translocated bobwhites. Both nest success and fecundity of Texas translocated bobwhites were negatively affected by holding time. Bobwhites translocated long distances may have the adaptive capacity to be successful in novel environments, but the consequences of translocation stress can be detrimental. Future translocation planning should consider choosing source populations from similar ecoregions to simultaneously decrease translocation distances and potential stress from translocation.