Unraveling silicate liquid immiscibility and apatite saturation in the mesostasis pocket of mare basalt: Evidences from Chang'E-5 lunar samples

Figure S1 Back scatter electron (BSE) images of Chang’E-5 breccia 136GP (top) and 143 GP (bottom)

Figure S2 Chemical composition of silicate minerals in CE-5 136GP and 143 GP breccias and comparison with CE-5 mare basalts. A) Quadrilateral diagram of pyroxene in the Chang’E-5 mare basalt. B) Ternary diagram of feldspar from the Chang’E-5 mare basalts. C) Chemical compositions of olivine. The gray background areas represent the composition range of silicate minerals in Chang'e-5 basalts reported by previous studies (Che et al., 2021; He et al., 2022; Hu et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2022; Tian et al., 2021).

Figure S3 Element mapping of one representative mesostasis fragment in CE-5 136GP. a)-j) indicate the abundance maps of Si, Al, Mg, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Ti, and P within this lithic clast. All of them are in the same scale and the scale bar could be found in J. On each element map, the red or yellow color represents the relative elevated abundance of one specific element; the blue or black indicate its low abundance. k) is the BSE image of this clast and the yellow box outlines the mapping area.

Figure S4 Predicted value of P₂O₅ concentration (wt%) required for phosphate saturation in the Si-rich melts. The calculation is based on the equation built by Tollar et al. (2006). a) and b) represents the function of SiO₂ and CaO concentrations (wt%) respectively. The melt temperature is fixed at 1010 °C. The black circles indicate the data of Si-rich portion within the CE-5 mesostasis fragments investigated in the present study. These plots indicate that apatite crystallized in some of the Si-rich melts.

Table S1 Representative mineral EPMA analyses of major compositions (wt%) in the CE-5 mesostasis fragments.

Table S2 Representative Raman spectra of minerals in the CE-5 mesostasis fragments.