Participation of electrochemically inserted protons in the hydrogen evolution reaction on tungsten oxides

Understanding the mechanisms by which electrodes undergo the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is
necessary to design better materials for aqueous energy storage and conversion. Here, we investigate
the HER mechanism on tungsten oxide electrodes, which are stable in acidic electrolytes and can
undergo proton-insertion coupled electron transfer concomitant with the HER. Electrochemical
characterization showed that anhydrous and hydrated tungsten oxides undergo changes in HER activity
coincident with changes in proton composition, with activity in the order HxWO3*H2O>HxWO3 >
HxWO3*2H2O. We used operando X-ray diffraction and density functional theory to understand the
structural and electronic changes in the materials at high states of proton insertion, when the oxides are
most active towards the HER. H0.69WO3*H2O and H0.65WO3 have similar proton composition, structural
symmetry, and electronic properties at the onset of the HER, yet exhibit different activity. We
hypothesize that the electrochemically inserted protons can diffuse in hydrogen bronzes and participate
in the HER. This would render the oxide volume, and not just the surface, as a proton and electron
reservoir at high overpotentials. HER activity is highest in HxWO3*H2O, which optimizes both the degree
of proton insertion and solid-state proton transport kinetics. Our results highlight the interplay between
the HER and proton insertion-coupled electron transfer on transition metal oxides, many of which are
non-blocking electrodes towards protons.