A 1-km annual dataset of vegetation and soil carbon density across China's terrestrial ecosystems from 1990 to 2023

This dataset provides annual 1-km maps of carbon density for China’s terrestrial ecosystems from 1990 to 2023. It includes four carbon pools: aboveground biomass carbon, belowground biomass carbon, soil organic carbon at 0-20 cm depth, and soil organic carbon at 0-100 cm depth. The maps were produced by combining field-based carbon observations with climate, vegetation, topographic, and land-cover data. The dataset can be used to examine long-term patterns of vegetation and soil carbon density across China and to support carbon-stock accounting, ecosystem monitoring, and studies of terrestrial carbon cycling and land-system change.