Published April 24, 2023 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

The genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) in the flora of Central Africa (D.R. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi)

  • 1. Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium & Herbarium et bibliothèque de botanique africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 244, 1050 Brussels, Belgium & Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles. Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Brussels, Belgium pierre.meerts@plantentuinmeise.be; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-027X

Description

Meerts, Pierre (2023): The genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) in the flora of Central Africa (D.R. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi). Phytotaxa 594 (1): 1-42, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.594.1.1

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:B52D1F01FF9E691FFF8EFFE3FFCEFFE3
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/B52D1F01FF9E691FFF8EFFE3FFCEFFE3

References

  • Adam, J.-G. (1975) Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (4eme partie). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, ser. B, Botanique 25: 1381-1586.
  • Aiton, W.T. (1811) Hortus kewensis, or, a catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. 2nd ed., vol. III. Longman & al., London, 432 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.105339
  • Akoegninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006) Flore Analytique du Benin. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 1034 pp.
  • Albuquerque, S., Brummitt, R.K. & Figueiredo, E. (2009) Typification of names based on the Angolan collections of Friedrich Welwitsch. Taxon 58: 641-646. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.582028
  • Baker, E.G. (1892) Clerodendrum congense Baker. Decades Kewenses. II. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1892 (65-66): 127.
  • Baker, E.G. (1895a) Clerodendrum tanganyikense. Diagnoses africanae. IV. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1895 (99): 71. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118481
  • Baker, E.G. (1895b) Clerodendrum polycephalum. Decades Kewenses XV-XIX. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1895 (100- 101): 116. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118319
  • Baker, E.G. (1900) Clerodendrum. In: Thiselton-Dyer, W.T. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical Africa 5. Lovell Reeve & Co, London, pp. 292-314.
  • Baker, E.G., Moore, S.M. & Rendle, A.B. (1905) The botany of the Anglo-German Uganda boundary commission. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 116-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1905.tb00827.x
  • Balfour, J.H. f. (April 1862) Description of a new species of Clerodendron from Old Calabar. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal n.s. 15: 232-235.
  • Bloesch, U., Troupin, G. & Derungs, N. (2009) Les plantes ligneuses du Rwanda. Flore, ecologie, usages. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 755 pp.
  • Briquet, J. (1895) Viticoideae. Clerodendreae. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien IV (3a). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 173-177.
  • Bruce, E.A. (1934) Clerodendrum grandicalyx E.A. Bruce. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1934 (7): 306. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118226
  • Bull, W. (1869) Clerodendrum speciosum. Retail List of New, Beautiful and Rare Plants 44: 4.
  • Burrows, J., Burrows, S., Lˆ tter, M. & Schmidt, E. (2018) Trees and shrubs of Mozambique. Publishing Print Matters (Pty) Ltd, Noordhoek, Capetown, 1114 pp.
  • Cesar, J. & Chatelain, C. (2019) Flore illustree du Tchad. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Geneve, Cooperation Suisse & Univ. N'Djamena, 767 pp.
  • Chiovenda, E. (1922) Le piante raccolte dal Dott. Ettore Bovone al Catanga nel 1918-1921. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano n. S. 29: 105-119.
  • Coates Palgrave, M.C. (2005) Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 1210 pp.
  • Cufodontis, G. (1962) Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta (Sequentia). Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'Etat a Bruxelles 32 (2): 773-827. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667231
  • De Wildeman, E. (1903) Etudes sur la Flore du Katanga. Annales du Museum du Congo, ser. 4, 1 (3): 81-241.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1905) Etudes sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. Annales du Musee du Congo, Botanique, ser. 5, 1: 1-344.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1909) Etudes sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. Annales du Musee du Congo, Botanique, serie 5, 3 (1): 1-147.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1910a) Compagnie du Kasai. Mission permanente d'etudes scientifiques. Resultats de ses recherches botaniques et agronomiques. Lesigne. Bruxelles, 463 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.147877
  • De Wildeman, E. (1910b) Etudes sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. Annales du Musee du Congo, Botanique, ser. 5, 3: 149-316.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1911a) Decades Novarum specierum Florae Congolensis. I. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'Etat a Bruxelles 3 (2): 255-280. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666486
  • De Wildeman, E. (1911b) Etudes sur la flore des districts des Bangala et de l'Ubangui (Congo belge). Plantae Thonnerianae Congolenses ser. II. Misch & Tron, Bruxelles, 265 pp.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1912a) Etudes sur la flore du Bas- et du Moyen-Congo. Annales du Musee du Congo, Botanique, ser. 5, 3 (3): 317- 533.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1912b) Documents pour l'etude de la geo-botanique congolaise. Bulletin de la Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique 51 (3): 1-406.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1920a) Clerodendron a tiges fistuleuses. Comptes-rendus hebdomadaires des seances et memoires de la societe de Biologie: 582-584.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1920b) Notes sur quelques especes africaines du genre Clerodendron (Verbenaceae). Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'Etat a Bruxelles 7: 161-187. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666464
  • De Wildeman, E. (1921) Contribution a la flore du Katanga. Comite special du Katanga, Bruxelles, 264 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11020
  • De Wildeman, E. (1922) Plantae Bequaertianae. I (2). Hoste, Gand, pp. 167-298.
  • De Wildeman, E. (1914) Decades novarum specierum florae katangensis. XIX-XXI. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13: 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19140130904
  • De Wildeman, E. & Durand, T. (1898) Reliquiae Dewevrianae. Enumeration systematique des plantes recoltees par Alfr. Dewevre en 1895-96 dans l'Etat independant du Congo. Annales du musee du Congo, ser 3. I (1): 1-291.
  • Deuse, P. (1960) Etude ecologique et phytosociologique de la vegetation des Esobe de la region est du lac Tumba. Academie royale des sciences d'outre-mer, Memoires, n.s. 11 (3).
  • Don, G. (1824) Account of several new species of Combretum, Chailletea, Clerodendrum, Gomphia, Modecia, Mussaenda, Justicia, Brillantaisia, Parinarium, and Anthocleista, from Sierra Leone. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal 11: 342-350.
  • Durand, T. & De Wildeman, E. (1899a) Materiaux pour la flore du Congo. IV. Bulletin de la Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique 38 (2): 78-116.
  • Durand, T. & De Wildeman, E. (1899b) Materiaux pour la flore du Congo. VI. Bulletin de la Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique 38 (2): 171-220.
  • Durand, T. & De Wildeman, E. (1900) Materiaux pour la flore du Congo. VIII. Bulletin de la Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique 39 (2): 53-82.
  • Durand, T. & Durand, H. (1909) Sylloge florae congolanae [Phanerogamae]. De Boeck, Bruxelles, 716 pp. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666516
  • Durand, T. & Schinz, H. (1896) Etudes sur la flore du Congo. I. Bruxelles, Hayez. Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique 39 (2): 53-82.
  • Engler,A. (1886) Beitrage zur Flora des Congogebietes.Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 8: 59-68.
  • Engler,A. (1901) Beitrage zur Flora von Afrika. XXII. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 30: 289-445.
  • Exell, A. (1930) Verbenaceae. Mr. John Gossweiler's Portuguese west African plants. Journal of Botany 68 (Suppl. 2): 137-146.
  • Fernandes, R. (1998) Notes sur les Verbenaceae. XI. Remarques sur quelques taxa africains du genre Clerodendrum L. Memorias da Sociedade Broteriana 30: 5-109.
  • Fernandes, R. (2005) Verbenaceae. In: Pope, G.V. & Martins, E.S. (Eds.) Flora Zambesiaca. 8 (7). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 6-61.
  • Fischer, E. & Killmann, D. (2008) Illustrated field guide to the plants of Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. Koblenz Geographical Colloquia, Series Biogeographical Monographs 1. University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, 772 pp.
  • Geerling, G. (1982) Guide de terrain des ligneux saheliens et soudano-guineens. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 82 (3): 1-340.
  • Good, R. d'O. (1930) Mr. Gossweiler's plants from Angola and Portuguese Congo. Dicotyledones. Part II. Gamopetalae. Verbenaceae. Journal of Botany 68 (Suppl. 2): 139-146.
  • Goyder, D.J. & Goncalves, F.M.P. (2019) The Flora of Angola: Collectors, Richness and Endemism. In: Huntley, B.J., Russo, V., Lages, F. & Ferrand, N. (Eds.) Biodiversity of Angola Science & Conservation: A Modern Synthesis. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03083-4_1
  • Gurke, M. (1893) Verbenaceae africanae. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 18: 165- 183.
  • Gurke, M. (1900) Verbenaceae africanae II. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28 (3): 291-305.
  • Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, A., Cantino, P.D., Conn, B., Grayer, R.J., Harley, M.M., Kok, R. de, Krestovskaja, T., Morales, A., Paton, A.J., Ryding, O. & Upson, T. (2004) Labiatae. In: Kadereit, J.W. (Ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants (Lamiales), VII. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 167-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18617-2_11
  • Hawthorne, W. & Jongkind, C. (2006) Woody plants of western African forests: a guide to the forest trees, shrubs and lianas from Senegal to Ghana. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1023 pp.
  • Henriques, J.A. (1892) Contribuicao para o estudio da flora d'Africa. Boletim Sociedade Broteriana 10: 97-165.
  • Hiern, W.P. (1900) Catalogue of African plants collected by Dr Friedrich Welwitsch in 1853-1861. Dicotyledons, vol. IV. Longmans, London, pp. 785-1035.
  • Hochstetter, C.F. (1842) Nova genera plantarum africae tum australis tum tropicae borealis. Flora 25 (1): 225-240.
  • Hooker, W.H. (1848) Clerodendron capitatum. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 74, ser. 3 (4): tab. 4355.
  • Hooker, W.H. (1862) Clerodendron thomsonae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 88, ser 3 (18): tab. 5313.
  • Hornemann, J.W. (1819) De Indole Plantarum Guineensium. Typis Schultzianis, Copenhagen, 27 pp.
  • Huber, H. (1963) Clerodendrum. In: Hepper, F.N. (Ed.) Flora of West Tropical Africa, 2nd Ed., vol. 2. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London, pp. 439-445.
  • Lam, H.J. (1919) The Verbenaceae of the Malayan archipelago. Ph.D. thesis Univ. Utrecht. De Waal, Groningen, 382 pp.
  • Lam, H.J. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. (1921) Revision of the Verbenaceae of the Dutch East-Indies and surrounding countries. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg ser. III (III): 1-120.
  • Lamarck, J.-B. & Poiret, J. (1804) Encyclopedie methodique. Botanique. 5. Agasse, Paris, 748 pp.
  • Latham, P. & Konda ku Mbuta, A. (2010) Plantes utiles du Bas-Congo, Republique democratique du Congo. Mystole, Canterbury (UK), 372 pp.
  • Lebrun, J. (1969) La vegetation psammophile du littoral congolais. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-mer. Bruxelles, 166 pp.
  • Lebrun, J., Taton, A., Toussaint, L. (1948) Exploration du Parc National de la Kagera, Mission J. Lebrun (1937-1938). Institut des Parcs nationaux du Congo belge, Bruxelles, 160 pp.
  • Lebrun, J.-P. & Stork, A. (1997) Enumeration des plantes a fleurs d'Afrique. IV. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la ville de Geneve, Geneve, 712 pp.
  • Lejoly, J., Ndjele, M.-B. & Geerinck, D. (2010) Catalogue-Flore des plantes vasculaires des districts de Kisangani et de la Tshopo (RD Congo), ed. 4. Taxonomania 30: 1-307.
  • Lewalle, J. (1972) Les etages de vegetation du Burundi occidental. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique 42: 1-247. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667406
  • Li, B., Cantino, P.D., Olmstead, R.G., Bramley, G.L.C., Xiang, C.-L., Ma, Z.-H., Tan, Y.-H. & Zhang, D.-X. (2016) A large-scale chloroplast phylogeny of the Lamiaceae sheds new light on its subfamilial classification. Scientific Reports 6: 34343. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34343
  • Lindley, J. (1844) Clerodendron fallax. Edwards's Botanical Register 30: sub t. 19.
  • Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 561-1200.
  • Lisowski, S. (2009) Flore (Angiospermes) de la Republique de Guinee. Premiere partie (Texte). Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Meise, 1095 pp.
  • Mabberley, D.J. (1989) The plant-book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. [Reprint with corrections]. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 707 pp.
  • Malaise, P. (1985) Verbenaceae. In: Troupin, G. (Ed.) Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophytes. 3. Musee royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervueren, pp. 267-291.
  • Meerts, P. & Sosef, M.S.M. (2022) Proposal to conserve the name Clerodendrum umbellatum (Labiatae) with a conserved type. Taxon 71 (4): 914-915. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12781
  • Meyer, H. (1984) Les Barundi. Une etude ethnologique en Afrique orientale. Edition critique. Societe francaise d'histoire d'outre-mer, Paris, 276 pp.
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1951) Notes on new and noteworthy plants XII. Phytologia 3 (8): 406-447. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10094
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1953a) Notes on new and noteworthy plants. XV. Phytologia 4 (3): 173-183.
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1953b) Notes on new and noteworthy plants. XVI. Phytologia 4 (4): 285-294.
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1980) A sixth summary of the Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae, Chloanthaceae, Symphoremaceae, Nyctanthaceae and Eriocaulaceae of the world as to valid taxa, geographic distribution and synonymy. Phytologia Memoirs, vol. 2. 629 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12983
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1983) Notes on new and noteworthy plants. CLXIII. Phytologia 52 (5): 330. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.10521
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1985a) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). IV. Phytologia 57 (5): 334-365.
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1985b) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). VI. Phytologia 57 (7): 456-491.
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1985c) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). VII. Phytologia 58 (3): 178-218. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21034
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1985d) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). VIII. Phytologia 58 (4): 279-303. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21034
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1985e) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). IX. Phytologia 58 (5): 329-359. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21034
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1985f) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XI. Phytologia 58 (7): 432-462. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21034
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1986a) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XIV. Phytologia 59 (5): 324-359. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2777
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1986b) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XV. Phytologia 59 (6): 406-428. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2777
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1986c) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XVI. Phytologia 59 (7): 462-499. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.2777
  • Moldenke, H.N. (1986d) Notes on the genus Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae). XX. Phytologia 60 (4): 266-285.
  • Moore, S.M. (1919) Alabastra diversa - Part XXXI. Journal of Botany, London 57: 244-251.
  • Morren, C. (1836) Plantes Nouvelles et d'agrement. Horticulteur Belge 3: 319-323.
  • Oliver, D. (1875) The botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition, Dicotyledons (concluded). Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 29 (3): 104-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1875.tb00234.x
  • Oliver, D. (1887) Enumeration of the plants collected by Mr. H.H. Johnston on the Kilima-njaro expedition, 1884. Transactions of the Linnean Society, ser. 2, Botany 2: 327-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1887.tb01008h.x
  • Osbeck, P. (1757) Dagbok ofwer en ostindsk resa. Stockholm, 376 pp.
  • Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F.J. (1805) Flore d'Oware et de Benin, en Afrique, vol. 1. Fain Jeune et Compagnie, Paris, 100 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.101798
  • Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F.J. (1808) Flore d'Oware et de Benin, en Afrique, vol. 2. Fain Jeune et Compagnie, Paris, 95 pp.
  • Pollard, B. (2022) Clerodendrum. In: Sosef, M.S.M., Florence, J., Bourobou Bourobou, H.P., Bissiengou, P. (eds.) Flore du Gabon, vol. 58. Labiatae. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, pp. 17-40.
  • Prain, D. (1913) Clerodendron bakeri. Curtis's Botanical Magazine, ser. 4 (9), tab. 8473.
  • Rendle, A.B., Baker, E.G., Warnham, H.F. & Moore, S. (1913) Catalogue of the plants collected by Mr. and Mrs. P.A. Talbot in the Oban District, South Nigeria. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 157 pp.
  • Richard, A. (1850) Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae seu Enumeratio Plantarum hucusque in plerisque Abyssiniae. 2. Bertrand, Paris, 518 pp.
  • Robyns, W. (1947) Flore des Spermatophytes du Parc national Albert, vol. II. Sympetales. Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo belge, Bruxelles, 627 pp.
  • Robyns, W. (1948) Les territoires phytogeographiques du Congo belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. In: Atlas General du Congo belge. Institut Royal Colonial Belge, Bruxelles, 10 pp., 1 map. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666705
  • Roxburgh, W. (1832) Flora Indica or Descriptions of Indian Plants. III. Serampore, Calcutta & London, 875 pp.
  • Salisbury, R.A. (1796) Prodromus Stirpium in Horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. London. 422 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.427
  • Schmitz, A. (1963) Les muhulus du Haut-Katanga meridional. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'Etat 32: 221-299. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667284
  • Schumann, K., Baker, J.G., Rolfe, R. & Cogniaux, A. (1893) Plantae africanae novae. Boletim Sociedade Broteriana 11: 83-90.
  • Smith, A.C. (1991) Flora Vitiensis nova. A new flora of Fiji. 5. The national tropical botanical garden, Lauai, Kauai, Hawaii, 626 pp.
  • Steane, D.A., de Kok, R.P.J. & Olmstead, R.G. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32 (1): 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.011
  • Steane, D.A., Scotland, R.W. & Mabberley, D.J. (1997) Phylogenetic Relationships of Clerodendrum s.l. (Lamiaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast DNA. Systematic Botany 22 (2): 229-243. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419455
  • Steane, D.A., Scotland, R.W., Mabberley, D.J. & Olmstead, R.G. (1999) Molecular systematics of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): ITS sequences and total evidence. American Journal of Botany 86 (1): 98-107. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656958
  • Thomas,B.(1936) Die Gattung Clerodendrum inAfrika.Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik,Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 68: 1-106.
  • Thonner, F. (1915) The flowering plants of Africa. Dulau, London, 647 pp.
  • Thunberg, C.P. (1784) Flora Japonica. Lipsiae, 419 pp.
  • Vande weghe, J.P., Bidault, E. & Stevart, T. (2016) Plantes a fleurs du Gabon. ANPN, Libreville, 792 pp.
  • Vatke, W. (1882) Plantas in itinere Africano ab J.M. Hildebrandt collectas determinare pergit. Linnaea 43: 507-542.
  • Verdcourt, B. (1992) Clerodendrum. In: Polhill, R.M. (Ed.) Flora of tropical East Africa. Verbenaceae. Balkema. Rotterdam, pp. 84- 144.
  • Vollesen, K. & Merrett, L. (2020) A photo rich field guide of the (wetter) Zambian miombo, part 2. Zambia, Mike Merrett & Lari Merrett, pp. 447-1020.
  • Walpers, G.G. (1845) Synopsis Verbenacearum, Myoporinearum, Selaginearum, Stilbinearum, Globulariearum, Plantaginearum omnium ad annum 1844 cognitarum. repertorium botanices systematicae. IV. Repertorium Botanices Systematicae (Walpers) 4 (1): 108.
  • Warburg, O. (Ed.) (1903) Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition H. Baum 1903. Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Komitee. Berlin, 593 pp.
  • White, F. [coll. Angus, A.] (1962) Forest flora of Northern Rhodesia. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 454 pp.
  • Willdenow, C.L. (1800) Species Plantarum. Editio Quarta. III. Nauk, Berolini [Berlin]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60078
  • Yuan, Y.-W., Mabberley, D.J., Steane, D.A. & Olmstead, R.G. (2010) Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy. Taxon 59 (1): 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.591013
  • Zhao, F., Chen, Y.P., Salmaki, Y., Drew, B.T., Wilson, T.C., Scheen, A.C. & Xiang, C.L. (2021) An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics. BMC Biology 19 (1): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00931-z