Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published August 1, 2016 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Re-Evaluation Of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views Of Pinniped Origins

Creators

Description

Koretsky, I. A., Barnes, L. G., Rahmat, S. J. (2016): Re-Evaluation Of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views Of Pinniped Origins. Vestnik Zoologii 50 (4): 327-354, DOI: 10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040

Files

source.pdf

Files (2.4 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:cc97492c4e0d4e95fd1d1192ea5e743c
2.4 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FF97492C4E0DFF95FD1DFF92EA5E743C

Cites
Publication: 10.1186/1471-2148-7216 (DOI)
Publication: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-12 (DOI)
Has part
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.6453845 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.6453847 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.6453849 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.6453851 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.6453853 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.6453855 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.6453857 (DOI)

References

  • Adam, P. J., Berta, A. 2002. Evolution of prey capture strategies and diet in Pinnipedimorpha (Mammalia, Carnivora). Oryctos, 4, 83-107.
  • Allen, J. A. 1880. History of North American Pinnipeds. A monograph of walruses, sea lions, sea bears and seals of Northern America. Miscellaneous Publication, U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 12, 1-785.
  • Amson, E., Muizon, C. de. 2014. A new durophagous phocid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the late Neogene of Peru and considerations on monachine seals phylogeny. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 12, 523-548.
  • Anbinder, E. M. 1980. Karyology and Evolution of the Pinnipeds. Nauka, Moscow, 1-452 [In Russian].
  • Arnason, U. 1977. The relationship between the four principal pinniped karyotypes. Hereditas, 87, 227-242.
  • Arnason, U., Gullberg, A., Janke, A., Kullberg, M., Lehman, N., Petrov, E.A., Vainola, R. 2006. Pinniped Phylogeny and a new Hypothesis for their origin and dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 41, 345-354.
  • Barnes, L. G. 1972. Miocene Desmatophocinae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from California. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 89, 1-68.
  • Barnes, L. G. 1979. Fossil enaliarctine pinnipeds (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Pyramid Hill, Kern County, California. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Count y, 318, 1-41.
  • Barnes, L. G. 1987 a. An Early Miocene pinniped of the genus Desmatophoca (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Washington. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 382, 1-20.
  • Barnes, L. G. 1987 b. Abstract: Paleontological evidence bearing on the interpretation of otariid pinniped Phylogeny. The Society for Marine Mammalogy Seventh Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Miami, Florida.
  • Barnes, L. G. 1988. A new fossil pinniped (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the Middle Miocene Sharktooth Hill Bonebed, California. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 396, 1-11.
  • Barnes, L. G. 1989. A new enaliarctine pinniped from the Astoria Formation, Oregon, and a classification of the Otariidae (Mammalia: Carnivora). Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 403, 1-26.
  • Barnes, L. G. 1990. A new Miocene enaliarctine pinniped of the genus Pteronarctos (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the Astoria Formation, Oregon. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 422, 1-20.
  • Barnes, L. G. 2008. Chapter 31: Otarioidea. In: Janis, C., Gunnel, G. F, Uhen, M. D., eds. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Vol. 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals. University Press, New York, Cambridge, 523-541.
  • Barnes, L. G, Mitchell, E. D. 1975. Late Cenozoic northeast Pacific Phocidae. Rapports et Proces-verbaux des Reunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 169, 34-42.
  • Barnes, L. G., Domning, D. P., Ray, C. E. 1985. Status of studies on fossil marine mammals. Marine Mammal Science, 1, 15-53.
  • Barnes, L. G., Hirota, K. 1994. Miocene Pinnipeds of theOtariid subfamily Allodesminae in The North Pacific Ocean: Systematics and Relationships. In: Barnes, L. G., Hasegawa, Y., and Inuzuka, N., eds. The Island Arc, Special Issue, Evolution and Biogeography of Fossil Marine Vertebrates in the Pacific Realm, Collected Papers from A Symposium Dedicated to the Memory of Arthur Remington Kellogg in the Year of the 100th Anniversary of his Birth-1992. Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress. Kyoto, Japan, 329-360
  • Barnes, L. B., Ray, C. E., Koretsky, I. A. 2006. A New Sea Lion, Protterozetes Ulysses (Mammlia: Otariidae) from Oregon, USA. In: Csiki, Z., ed. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Vertebrates and Paleoenvironments, Tribute to the Career of Professor Dan Grigorescu. Ars Docendi, Bucharest, 57-77.
  • Bechly, G. 2000. Mainstream Cladistics versus Hennigian Phylogenetic Systematics. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde. Ser. A (Biologie), 613, 1-11.
  • Berta, A. 1991. New Enaliarctos (Pinnipedimorpha) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Oregon and the role of "enaliarctids" in pinniped phylogeny. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 69, 1-33.
  • Berta, A., Ray, C. E., Wyss, A. R. 1989. Skeleton of the oldest known pinniped. Enaliarctos Mealsi. Science, 244, 60-62.
  • Berta, A., Ray, C. E. 1990. Skeletal morphology and locomotor capabilities of the archaic Pinniped Enaliarctos mealsi. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 10, 141-157.
  • Berta, A., Wyss, A. R. 1990. Technical comments. Oldest pinniped. Science, 48, 499-500.
  • Berta, A., Wyss, A. R. 1994. Pinniped Phylogeny. In: Berta, A., Demere, T. A., eds. Contributions in Marine Mammal Paleontology Honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 29, 33-56
  • Berta, A., Sumich, J. L. 1999. Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology. Academic Press, San Diego, 1-560.
  • Berta, A., Kienle, S., Bianucci, G., Sorbi, S. 2015. A Reevaluation of Pliophoca etrusca (Pinnipedia, Phocidae) from the Pliocene of Italy:phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (1):e889144. 2015.
  • Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. 2003. Novel versus unsupported clades: assessing the qualitative support for clades in MRP supertrees. Syst. Biol., 52, 839-848.
  • Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Russell, A. P. 1996. A morphological perspective on the phylogenetic relationships of the extant phocid seals (Mammalia: Carnivora: Phocidae). Bonner zoologische Monographien, 41, 1-256.
  • Bryden, M. M., Felts, W. J. L. 1974. Quantitative anatomical observations on the skeletal and muscular systems of four species of Antarctic seals. Journal of Anatomy, 118 (3), 589-600.
  • Burns, J. J., Fay, F. H. 1970. Comparative morphology of the skull of the Ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata, with remarks on systematics of Phocidae. Journal of Zoology (London), 161 (3), 363-394.
  • Chapskii, K. K. 1952. The age and sexual changes in the craniological features and their influence upon the diagnosis of some pinnipeds. Izvestia Institute estestvenich Nauk. Moscow, 25, 78-96 [In Russian].
  • Chapskii, K. K. 1955. An attempt at revision of the systematics and diagnostics of seals of the subfamily Phocinae. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 17, 160-199 [In Russian].
  • Chapskii, K. K. 1961. Current status and problems in the systematics of pinnipeds. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 12, 138-149.
  • Chapskii, K. K. 1967. Morphological-taxonomical nature of the pagetod form of the Bering Sea. Largha seal. In: Research on marine mammals. Trudy Poliarnogo Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Institute Rybnogo Khoziaistva i Okeanography (PINRO, Murmansk, 21, 147-177 [In Russian].
  • Chapskii, K. K. 1971 Systematic rank and subgeneric differentiation of seals (of the subfamily Monachinae). Trudy Atlantic Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Institute Rybnogo Khoziaistva i Okeanography (ATLANTNIRO), Kaliningrad, 39, 305-316 (English translation, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Translation Ser., 3185, 1974).
  • Chapskii, K. K. 1974. In defense of classical taxonomy of the seals of the family Phocidae. Trudy Zoological Institute Academy of Sciences USSR, 53, 282-334 [In Russian].
  • Chapskii, K. K. 1975. Taxonomy of the seals of genus Phoca sensu stricto. In: Marine mammals. Materials VI All-Union Conference. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 2, 159-162 [In Russian].
  • Churchill, M., Clementz, M. T., Kohno, N. 2014 a. Predictive equations for the estimation of body size in seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Pinnipedia). Journal of Anatomy, 225, 232-245.
  • Churchill, M., Clementz, M.T., Kohno, N. 2014 b. Cope's rule and the evolution of body size in Pinnipedimorpha (Mammalia: Carnivora). Evolution, 69, 201-215.
  • Churchill, M., Clementz, M. T. 2015. Functional implications of variation in tooth spacing and crown size in Pinnipedimorpha (Mammalia: Carnivora). Anatomical Record, 298, 878-902.
  • Cozzuol, M. A. 2001. A "Northern" Seal from the Miocene of Argentina: Implications for Phocid Phylogeny and Biogeography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2 (3), 415-421.
  • Cuvier, G. 1825. Recherches sur les ossements fossiles, ou lon etablit les caracteres de plusieurs animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont detruit les especes. Paris, 3rd ed., 5, 1-405.
  • Davies, J. L. 1958. The Pinnipedia: an essay in zoogeography. Geographical Review, 48 (4), 474-493.
  • Demere, T. A., Berta, A., Adam, P. J. 2003. Pinnipedimorph Evolutionary Biogeography. In: Flynn, L. J., ed. Vertebrate Fossils and their Context, Contributions in Honor of Richard H. Tedford. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 279, 32-76.
  • English,A.W. 1976.Limb movements and locomotor function in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoology (London), 178, 341-364.
  • Farris, J. S. 1988. Hennig86, version 1.5. Available from Diana Lipscomb. Department of Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20560.
  • Feldkamp, S. D. 1987. Swimming in the California Sea Lion: morphometrics, drag and Energetic. Journal of Experimental Biology, 131, 117-135.
  • Finarelli, J. A. 2008. A Total Evidence Phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): Relationships among Basal Taxa. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 15 (4), 231-259.
  • Finarelli, J. A., Flynn, J. J. 2008. Ancestral State Reconstruction of Body Size in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia): The Effects of Incorporating Data from the Fossil Record. Systematic Biology, 55 (2), 301-313.
  • Fish, F. E. 1993. Influence of Hydrodynamic Design and Propulsive Mode on Mammalian Swimming Energetics. Australian Journal of Zoology, 42 (1), 79-101.
  • Fish, F. E. 1994 a. Leviathan Locomotion. Natural History, 8, 4.
  • Fish, F. E. 1994 b. Association of Propulsive Swimming Mode with Behavior in River Otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Mammalogy, 75 (4), 989-997.
  • Fish, P. A. 1903. The cerebral fissures of the Atlantic walrus. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 675-688.
  • Flynn, J. J, Neff, N. A., Tedford, R. H. 1988. Phylogeny of the Carnivora. In: Benton, M. J., ed. The Phylogenetic Classification of the Tetrapods, vol. 2. Mammals. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 73-116.
  • Flynn, J. J., Nedbal, M. A. 1998. Phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): congruence vs incompatibility among multiple data sets. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9, 414-426.
  • Flynn, J. J, Finarelli, J. A., Zehr, S., Hsu, J., Nedbal, A. 2005. Molecular Phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the Impact of Increased Sampling on Resolving Enigmatic Relationships. Systematic Biology, 54 (2), 317-337.
  • Fulton, T. L, Strobeck, C. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora): effect of missing data on supertree and supermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 165-181.
  • Fyler, C. A., Reeder, T. W., Berta, A., Antonelis, G., Aguilar, A., Androukaki, E. 2005. Historical biogeography and phylogeny of monachine seals (Pinnipedia: Phocidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNS data. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1267-1279.
  • Gambarjan, P. P., Karapetjan, W. S. 1961. Besonderheiten im Bau des Seelowen (Eumetopias californianus), der Baikalrobbe (Phoca sibirica) und des Seeotters (Enhydra lutris) in Anpassung an die Fortbewegung im Wasser. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Jena, 79, 123-148.
  • Gill, T. N. 1872. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, with analytical tables. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 11(1), 1+98.
  • Gistel, N. F. X. von. 1848. Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs fur hohere Schulen.Stuttgart, 1848. Godfrey S. J. Plesiosaur subaqueous locomotion: a reappraisal. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Monatshefte, Stuttgart, 11, 661-672.
  • Gordon, K. R. 1983. Mechanics of the Limbs of the Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) and the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Morphology, 175, 73-90.
  • Grasse, P. P. Traite de zoologie. 1955. Anatomy, systematics, biology. Publie sous la direction de Pierre Paris, 27, 568-668.
  • Gray, J. E. 1844/1875. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus and Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, N. N., F. R. S., during the years 1839 to 1843. Part 1. Mammalia. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London [In the Catalogue of the Specimens of Mammalian the Collection of the British Museum].
  • Gray, J. E. 1869. The Sea Elephant (Mirounga proboscidea) at the Falkland Islands. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (13), 1-400.
  • Gray, J. E. 1874. On the skulls of Sea-Bears, Sea-Lions (Otariidae) and on the skulls of the Auckland Islands. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (14), 24-30.
  • Hall, E. R., Kelson, K. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. Vols. 1 and 2. John Wiley and Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, 2nd ed.
  • Hay, O. P. 1930. Second Bibliography and Catalog of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publication 390.
  • Heptner, V. G., Chapskii, K. K., Arseniev, B. A. 1976. Mammalia of the Soviet Union. Pinnipeds and Cetacea. Moscow, 1-717 [In Russian].
  • Higdon, J. W., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Beck, R. M. D., Ferguson, S. H. 2007. Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 216. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-7216.
  • Horikawa, H. 1995. A primitive odobenine walrus of Early Pliocene age from Japan. In: Barnes, L. G., Hasegawa, Y., Inuzuka, N., eds. The Island Arc, Special Issue, Evolution and Biogeography of Fossil Marine Vertebrates in the Pacific Realm, Collected Papers from a Symposium Dedicated to the Memory of Arthur Remington Kellogg in the Year of the 100th Anniversary of his Birth - 1992. Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress. Kyoto, Japan, 309-328.
  • Howard, L. D. 1975. Muscular Anatomy of the Hind Limb of the Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 40, 335-416.
  • Howell, A. B. 1928. Contribution to the Comparative Anatomy of the Eared and Earless Seals (Genera Zalophus and Phoca). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 73 (15), 1-142.
  • Howell, A. B. 1930. Aquatic mammals. Charles C. Thomas, Baltimore, Maryland. 1-338.
  • Hunt, R. M. Jr., Barnes, L. G. 1994. Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest Pinnipeds. In: Berta, A., Demere, T. A., eds. Contributions in Marine Mammal Paleontology Honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 29, 57-67.
  • Illiger, C. 1811. Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium; additis, terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumqueversione germanica. C. Salfeld, Berlin, 1-301.
  • Ivanoff, D. V. 2001. Partitions in the carnivoran auditory bulla: their formation and surface for Systematics. Mammal Review, 31, 1-16.
  • Jones, K. E., Goswami, A. 2010. Quantitative analysis of the influences of phylogeny and ecology on phocid and otariid pinnipeds (Mammalia; Carnivora). Journal of Zoology, 280, 297-308.
  • Jones, K. E., Ruff, C. B., Goswami, A. 2013. Morphology and biomechanics of the pinniped jaw: mandibular evolution without mastication. Anatomical Record, 296, 1049-1063.
  • Kearney, M., Clark, J. M. 2003. Problems due to missing data in phylogentic analyses including fossils: a critical review. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 263-274.
  • Kellogg, R. 1922. Pinnipeds from Miocene and Pleistocene deposits of California. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences, 13, 23-132.
  • Kellogg, A. R. 1931. Pelagic Mammals from the Temblor Formation of the Kern River Region, California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 19, 217-397.
  • King, J. E. 1956. The Monk seals (genus Monachus). Bulletin of Zoology, London: British Museum (Natural History), 3 (5), 201-256.
  • King, J. E. 1964. Seals of the world. London (British Museum, Natural History), 154.
  • King, J. E. 1966. Relationships of the hooded and elephant seal genera Cystophora and Mirounga). British Museum of Natural History, London, 148, 385-398.
  • King, J. E. 1983. Seals of the World. Second Edition, British Museum (Natural History). Ithaca, New York, Comstock Publishing, 1-240.
  • King, J. E. 1989. Otariidae and Phocidae. Fauna of Australia, 1B, 1012-1029.
  • Kohno, N., Barnes, L. G., Hirota, K. 1995. Miocene fossil pinnipeds of the genera Prototaria and Neotherium (Carnivora; Otariidae; Imagotariinae) in the North Pacific Ocean: evolution, relationships, and distribution. In: Barnes, L. G., Hasegawa, Y., Inuzuka, N., eds. The Island Arc, Special Issue, Evolution and Biogeography of Fossil Marine Vertebrates in the Pacific Realm, Collected Papers from a Symposium Dedicated to the Memory of Arthur Remington Kellogg in the Year of the 100th Anniversary of his Birth - 1992. Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress.Kyoto, Japan, 3 (4), 285-308.
  • Koretsky, I. A. 1986. Modern status of systematics of the Miocene seals of the family Phocidae of the northern Black Sea Province. Abstract of IX All-Union Conference on Marine Mammals. Archangelsk, 206-207 [In Russian].
  • Koretsky (= Koretskaya), I. A. 1987. The position of the genus Praepusa in the Phocinae System. Praeprint/ Akademii Nauk Ukrainian SSR. Institute of Zoology, 87 (12), 3-7 [In Russian].
  • Koretsky (= Koretskaya), I. A. 1988. New record of Monachopsis pontica (Pinnipedia: Phocidae) from Neogene deposits of Kerch peninsula. Vestnik Zoologii, 6, 74-76 [In Russian].
  • Koretsky, I. A. 2001.Morphology and systematics of Miocene Phocinae (Mammalia:Carnivora) from Paratethys and the North Atlantic Region. Geologica Hungarica. Ser. Paleontologica, 54, 1-109.
  • Koretsky, I. A. 2006. Abstract: One of the Most Primitive of the True Seals, Leptophoca lenis (Carnivora: Phocidae) from the Calvert Formation, Late-Early Miocene. The Geology and Paleontology of Calvert Cliffs. A Symposium of the Calvert Marine Museum. The Ecphora Miscellaneous Publications, 1, 22-23.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Ray, C. E. 1994. Cryptophoca, new genus for Phoca maeotica (Mammalia: Pinnipedia: Phocinae) from Upper Miocene deposits in the northern Black Sea region. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 107, 17-26.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Grigorescu, D. 2002. The fossil monk seal Pontophoca sarmatica (Alekseev) (Mammalia: Phocidae: Monachinae) from the Miocene of eastern Europe. Smithon. Contrib. Paleobiol., 93, 149-162.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Holec, P. 2002. A primitive Seal (Mammalia: Phocidae) from the Early Middle Miocene of Central Paratethys. Smithon. Contrib. Paleobiol., 93, 163-178.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Sanders, A. 2002. Paleontology of the Late Oligocene Ashley and Chandler Bridge Formations of South Carolina, 1: Paleogene Pinniped Remains; The Oldest Known Seal (Carnivora: Phocidae). Smithon. Contrib. Paleobiol., 93, 179-184.
  • Koretsky, I. A, Barnes, L. G. 2003. Origins and relationships of pinnipeds, and the concepts of monophyly versus diphyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 69A.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Barnes, L. G. 2006. Pinniped evolutionary history and paleogeography. In: Csiki, Z., ed. Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertebrates and paleoenvironments. Tribute to the career of Professor Dan Grigorescu. ArsDocendi, Bucharest, 143-153.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Barnes, L. G. 2008. Phocidae. In: Janis, C. M., Gunnell, G. F., Uhen, M. D., eds. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Vol. 2: Small Mammals, Xenarthrans, and Marine Mammals. Cambridge University Press, UK, New York, 542-556.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Ray, C. E. 2008. Phocidae of the Pliocene of eastern USA. In: Ray, C. E., Bohaska, D. A., Koretsky, I. A., Ward, L. W., Barnes, L. G., eds. Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina IV. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Special Publication, 15, 81-140.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Peters, N. 2008. Batavipusa (Carnivora, Phocidae, Phocinae): a new genus from the eastern shore of the North Atlantic Ocean (Miocene seals of the Netherlands, Part II). Deinsea, Annual of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 12, 53-62.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. 2013. First record of fossil Cystophorinae (Carnivora, Phocidae): middle Miocene seals from the northern Paratethys. Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 119, 325-350.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Domning, D. P. 2014. One of the oldest seals (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the old world. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34, 224-229.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J., Peters, N. 2014. Rare late Miocene seal taxa (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the North Sea Basin. Vestnik Zoologii, 48, 419-432.
  • Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. 2015. A new species of the subfamily Devinophocinae (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the Central Paratethys. Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 121, 1-17.
  • Ling, J. K. 1965. Functional significance of sweat glands and sebaceous glands in seals. Nature, 208, 560-562.
  • Matthew, W. D. 1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle Eocene. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 9 (6), 291-567.
  • McKenna, M. C., Bell, S. K. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia University Press, New York, 1-631.
  • McLaren, I. A. 1960 a. On the origin of the Caspian and Baikal seals and the paleoclimatological implications. American Journal of Science, 258, 47-65.
  • McLaren, I. A. 1975. A speculative overview of phocid evolution. Rapports et Proces-verbaux des Reunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 169, 43-48.
  • Mitchell, E. D. 1966. The Miocene pinniped Allodesmus. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 61, 1-105.
  • Mitchell, E. D. 1967. Controversy over diphyly in pinnipeds. Systematic Zoology, 16 (4) 350-351.
  • Mitchell, E. D. 1968. The Mio-Pliocene pinniped. Imagotaria Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 25 (9), 1843-1900.
  • Mitchell, E. D. 1975. Parallelism and convergence in the evolution of Otariidae and Phocidae. Rapports et Proces-verbaux des Reunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 169, 12-26.
  • Mitchell, E. D., Tedford, R. H. 1973. The Enaliarctinae: A new group of extinct aquatic Carnivora and a consideration of the origin of the Otariidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 151 (3), 201-284.
  • Mivart, St. G. 1885. Notes on the Pinnipedia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 484-500.
  • Muizon, C. de. 1981 a. Les vertebres fossiles de la formation Pisco (Perou). Premiere partie. Deux nouveaux Monachinae (Phocidae, Mammalia) du Pliocene du Sud-Sacaco. Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines, 6, 1-150, pls. 1-11.
  • Muizon, C. de. 1981 b. Le grand voyage des Phoques. La Recherche, Paris, 12, 750-752.
  • Muizon, C. de. 1981 c. Une interpretation fonctionnelle et phylogenetique de l'insertion du psoas major chez les Phocidae. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences Ser. III. Sciences de la Vie, 292 (11), 687-690.
  • Muizon, C. de. 1982. Les relations phylogenetiques des Lutrinae (Mustelidae, Mammalia). Geobios, Memoire special, 6, 259-272.
  • Muizon, C. de. 1992. Palaontologie. In: Duguy, R., Robineau, D., eds. Handbuch der Saugetiere Europas 6. Meeressauger 2. Robben-Pinnipedia. AULA Verlag,Wiesbaden, 34-41.
  • Muizon, C. de, Hendey, Q. B. 1980. Late Tertiary seals of the South Atlantic Ocean. Annals of The South African Museum, 2, 91-128.
  • Nilsson, S. 1841. Entwurf einer systematischen Eintheilung und speziellen Beschreibung der Phoken… [transl. by W. Peters]. Archives Naturgeschichte, Jahrbuch, 7 (1), 301-333.
  • Nyakatura, K., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. 2012. Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates. BMC Biology. 10:12 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-12
  • Ognev, S. I. 1935. Mammals of the USSR and adjacent countries. Carnivora. Glavpushnina, Moscow, Leningrad, 3 1-752 [In Russian, English translations by Birron, A. and Coles, Z. S. for Israel Program for Scientific translations, 1962].
  • Pavlinov, I. J., Rossolimo, O. L. 1987. Systematics of Mammalia of the Soviet Union. Moscow University [In Russian].
  • Perry, E. A., Carr, S. M., Barlett, S. E., Davidson, W. S. 1995. A phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of reproductive behavior in pagophilic seals of the Northwest Atlantic as indicated by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Journal of Mammalogy, 76 (1), 22-31.
  • Polly, P. D. 2008. Adaptive Zones and the Pinniped Ankle: A 3D Quantative Analysis of Carnivoran Tarsal Evolution. In: Sargis, E. and Dagosto, M., eds. Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederick S. Szalay. Klumer/Premium, New York, 1-40.
  • Pierard, J. 1971. Osteology and myology of the Weddell seal Leptophoca weddelli Lesson, 1826. In: Burt, W. H., ed. Antarctic Pinnipedia. Antarctic Ress Ser. Nat. Acad. Sci. Nat. Res. Center, 18, 53-108.
  • Ray, C. E. 1976. Phoca wymani and other Tertiary seals (Mammalia: Phocidae) described from the eastern seaboard of North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 28, 1-36.
  • Ray, C. E. 1977. Geography of phocid evolution. Systematic Zoology, 25, 391-406.
  • Repenning, C. A. 1972 a. Pleistocene deposits in Alaska. Alaskan North Slope. Quaternary Research, 19, 356- 372.
  • Repenning, C. A. 1972 b. Underwater hearing in seals: functional morphology, In: Harrison, R. J., ed. Functional anatomy of marine mammals, Vol.1. Academic Press, London and New York, 307-331.
  • Repenning, C. A. 1975. Otarioid evolution. Rapports et Proces-verbaux des Reunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 169, 27-33.
  • Repenning, C. A. 1976. Adaptive evolution of sea lions and walruses. Systematic Zoology, 25 (4), 375-390.
  • Repenning, C. A. 1990. Technical comments: Oldest pinniped. Science, 248 (4954), 499.
  • Repenning, C. A., Ray, C. E. 1977. The origin of the Hawaiian Monk seal. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 89 (58) 667-688.
  • Repenning, C. A., Tedford, R. H. 1977. Otarioid seals of the Neogene. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 992, 1-93.
  • Robinette, H., Stains, H. J. 1970. Comparative study of the calcanea of the Pinnipedia. Journal of Mammalogy, 51 (3), 1-527.
  • Rybczynski, N., Dawson, M. R., Tedford, R. H. 2009. A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia. Nature, 458, 1021-1024.
  • Sarich, V. M. 1969 a. Pinniped phylogeny. Systematic Zoology, 18, 416-422.
  • Sarich, V. M. 1969 b. Pinniped origins and the rate of evolution of carnivore albumins. Systematic Zoology, 18, 286-295.
  • Sato, J. J., Hosoda, T., Wolsan, M., Suzuki, H. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of Arctoids (Mammalia: Carnivora) with emphasis on phylogenetic and taxonomic positions of the ferret-badgers and skunks. Zoological Science, 21, 111-118.
  • Sato, J. J., Wolsan, M., Suzuki, H., Hosoda, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Hiyama, K., Kobayashi, M., Minami, S. 2006. Evidence from Nuclear DNA Sequences Sheds Light on the Phylogenetic Relationships of Pinnipedia: Single Origin with Affinity to Musteloidea. Zoological Sciences, 23, 125-146.
  • Scheffer, V. B. 1958. Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses, A Review of the Pinnipedia. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
  • Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85, 1-350.
  • Sokolov, V. E. 1979. Systematics of Mammals: Cetacea, Pinnipedia, Carnivora, Tubulidentia, Tylopoda, Perissodactyla. Higher School, Moscow [In Russian].
  • Tarasoff, F. J. 1972. Comparative Aspects of the Hind Limbs of the River Otter, Sea Otter and Seals. In: Harrison, R. J., ed. Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, London and New York, 333-359.
  • Taylor, M. E. 1989. Locomotor adaptations by carnivores. In: Gittleman, J. L., ed. Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY, 382-409.
  • Tedford, R. H. 1976. Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia). Systematic Zoology, 25 (4), 363-374.
  • Tedford, R. H., Barnes, L. G., Ray, C. E. 1994. The Early Miocene Littoral Ursoid Carnivoran Kolponomos: Systematics and Mode of Life. In: Berta, A., Demere, T. A., eds. Contributions In Marine Mammal Paleontology Honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 29, 11-32.
  • Trouessart, E. L. 1897. Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium, nova editio (prima completa), 2. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Rodentia 1. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berolini, 219-452.
  • Trouessart, E. L. 1904. Primates, Prosimiae, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Carnivora, Pinnipedia. Fascicle I. In: Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium.Quinquennale supplementum, anno.R. Friedlander & Sohn Berlin, iv + 288.
  • Trouessart, E. L. 1905. Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Allotheria, Monotremata. Fascicle IV. In: Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Quinquennale supplementum. R. Friedlander & Sohn Berlin, vii + 753-929.
  • Valenzuela-Toro, A. M., Pyenson, N. D., Gutstein, C. S., Suarez, M. E. 2016. A new dwarf seal from the late Neogene of South America and the evolution of pinnipeds in the Southern hemisphere. Papers in Paleontology, 2, 101-115.
  • Van Beneden, P. J. 1877. Description des ossements fossiles des environs d'Anvers, 1. Pinnipedes ou amphitheriens. Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Annales, 1, 1-88.
  • Weber, M. 1904. Die Saugetiere: Einfuhrung in die Anatomie und Systematik der recenten und fossilen Mammalia. Jena, xii + 866.
  • Wiig, O. 1983. On the relationships of Pinnipeds to other carnivores. Zoologica Scripta, 12 (3), 225-227.
  • Wolf, J. O., Gunther, R. D. 1985. Why are aquatic mammals so large? Oikos, 45, 365-373.
  • Wolsan, M. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of early European Mustelidae (Mammalia: Carnivora). Acta heriologica, 38 (4), 345-384.
  • Wolsan, M., Sato, J. J. 2010. Effects of data incompleteness on the relative performance of parsimony and Bayesian approaches in a supermatrix phylogenetic reconstruction of Mustelidae and Procyonidae (Carnivora). Cladistics, 26, 168-194.
  • Wortman, J. L. 1894. Osteology of Patriofelis. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 6 (5), 129- 164.
  • Wortman, J. L. 1906. A new fossil seal from the marine Miocene of the Oregon coast. Science, New series, 24, 89-92.
  • Wozencraft, C. 1989. The phylogeny of the Recent Carnivora. In: Gittleman, J. L., ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. Cornell Univ. Press, New York, 495-535.
  • Wyss, A. R. 1987. The walrus auditory region and monophyly of pinnipeds. American Museum Novitates, 2871, 1-31.
  • Wyss, A. R. 1988 a. Evidence from flipper structure for a single origin of pinnipeds. Nature, 334, 427-428.
  • Wyss, A. R. 1988 b. On "retrogression" in the evolution of the Phocinae and phylogenetic affinities of the monk seals. American Museum Novitates, 2924, 1-38.
  • Wyss, A. R. 1989. Flippers and pinniped phylogeny. Has the problem of convergence been overrated? Marine Mammal Science, 5, 343-375.
  • Wyss, A. R. 1994. The evolution of body size in phocids: some ontogenetic and phylogenetic observations. In: Berta, A., Demere, T. A., eds. Contributions in Marine Mammal Paleontology Honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 29, 69-77.
  • Wyss, A. R., Flynn, J. J. 1993. A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora. In: Szalay, F. S., Novacek, M. J., McKenna, M. C., eds. Mammal phylogeny: Placentals. Springer-Verlag, New York, 32-52.
  • Yonezawa, T., Kohno, N., Hasegawa, M. 2009. The monophyletic origin of sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora: Otariidae) in the Southern Hemisphere. Gene, 441, 89-99.