Published October 31, 2013
| Version v1
Journal article
Restricted
Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data
Creators
- 1. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11.461, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- 2. University of California, Berkeley, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
Description
Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut, Jr, Mauro Teixeira, Vechio, Francisco Dal, Amaro, Renata Cecília, Nisa, Carolina, Guerrero, Agustín Camacho, Damasceno, Roberta, Roscito, Juliana Gusson, Sales Nunes, Pedro M., Recoder, Renato Sousa (2013): Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data. Zootaxa 3731 (3): 345-370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.3.5
Files
Linked records
Additional details
References
- Amaral, A. (1933) Estudos Sobre Lacertilios Neotropicos I. Novos generos e especies de largartos do Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 7 (1932), 51-74.
- Amaral, A. (1937) Check-list of the Lacertilia from Brasil. Comptes Rendus XII Congres International de Zoologie (Lisbonne 1935), 1733-17343.
- Amaral, A. (1938) Estudos sobre lacertilios neotropicos. 4. Lista remissiva dos lacertilios do Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 11 (1937), 167-204.
- Arevalo, E.S., Davis, S.K. & Sites, J.W. Jr. (1994) Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships among eight chromosome races of the Sceloporusgrammicus complex (Phrynosomatidae) in central Mexico. Systematic Biology, 43, 387-418.
- Balestrin, R.L., Cappellari, L.H. & Outeiral, A.B. (2010) Biologia reprodutiva de Cercosaura schreibersii (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) e Cnemidophorus lacertoides (Squamata, Teiidae) no Escudo Sul-Riograndense, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 10, 131-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032010000100013
- Bell, C.J., Evans, S.E. & Maisano, J.A. (2003) The skull of the gymnophthalmid lizard Neusticurus ecpleopus (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 283-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00077.x
- Bogart, J.P. (1973) Method for obtaining chromosomes. Caldasia, 11, 29-40.
- Borges-Nojosa, D.M. & Caramaschi, U. (2003) Composicao e Analise Comparativa da Diversidade e das Afinidades Biogeograficas dos Lagartos e Anfisbenideos (Squamata) dos Brejos Nordestinos. In: Leal, I., Silva, L.M.C. & Tabarelli, M. (Eds.), Ecologia e Conservacao da Caatinga. UFPE, Recife, pp. 463-512.
- Brooks, G.R. & Sassman, J.F. (1965) Critical thermal maxima of larval and adult Eurycea bislineata. Copeia, 1965, 251-251.
- Camacho, A.C. & Rodrigues, M.T. (2006) Dryadosaura nordestina (Briba Cabecuda). Geographic Distribution. Herpetological Review, 38, 218.
- Castoe, T.A., Doan, T.M. & Parkinson, C.L. (2004) Data partitions and complex models in Bayesian analysis: The phylogeny of gymnophthalmid lizards. Systematic Biology, 53, 448-469.
- Cole, C.J; Dessauer, H.C.; Townsend, C.R. & Arnold, M.G. (1990) Unisexual lizards of the genus Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia, Teiidae) in the neotropics: Genetics, origin, and systematics. American Museum Novitates, 2994, 1-29.
- Cole, C.J., Dessauer, H.C. & Markezich, A.L. (1993) Missing link found: the second ancestor of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Squamata: Teiidae), a South American unisexual lizard of hybrid origin. American Museum Novitates, 3055, 1-13.
- Cowles, R.B. & Bogert, C.M. (1944) A preliminary study of the thermal requirements of desert reptiles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 83, 261-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/394795
- Cunha, O.R., Lima-Verde, J.S. & Lima, A.C.M. (1991) Novo genero e especie de lagarto do Estado do Ceara (Lacertilia: Teiidae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Serie Zoologia, 7, 163-176.
- Delfim, F.R. & Freire, E.M.X. (2007) The gymnophtalmid lizards (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) of the Cariri region of Paraiba and Serido of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil: considerations about geographic distribution and ecology. Oecologia Brasiliensis, 11, 365-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2007.1103.07
- Delfino, M.S.C. & Soeiro, M.S. (2012) Dryadosaura nordestina (Briba Cabecuda). Herpetological Review, 43, 102.
- Dixon, J. (1973) A systematic review of the teiid lizards, genus Bachia with remarks on Heterodactylus and Anotosaura. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, 57, 1-47.
- Dixon, J. (1974) Systematic review of the lizard genus Anotosaura (Teiidae). Herpetologica, 30, 13-18.
- Dowling, H.G. & Savage, J.M. (1960) A guide to the snake hemipenis: a survey of basic structure and systematic characteristics. Zoologica, 45, 17-28.
- Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research, 32, 1792-1797.
- Evans, S. (2008) The skull of lizards and tuatara. In: Gans, C., Gaunt, A.S. & Adler, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 20. Morphology H: The Skull of Lepidosauria. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, New York, pp. 1-344.
- Falcao, A.C.G.P. & Hernandez, M.I.M. (2007) Lagartos de restinga no Nordeste brasileiro: analise da fauna de areas conservadas e reflorestadas. Anais do VIII Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil, 23 a 28 de Setembro de 2007, Caxambu, MG, 1-3.
- Fetzner, J.W. (1999) Extracting high-quality DNA from shed reptile skins: A simplified method. Biotechniques, 26, 1052- 1054.
- Freire, E.M.X., Sugliano, G.O.S., Kolodiuk, M.F., Ribeiro, L.B., Maggi, B.S., Rodrigues, L.S., Vieira, W.L.S. & Falcao, A.C.G.P. (2009) Repteis Squamata das Caatingas do serido do Rio Grande do Norte e do cariri da Paraiba: sintese do conhecimento atual e perspectivas. In: Freire, E.M.X. (Org.), Recursos Naturais das Caatingas: uma visao multidisciplinar. EDUFRN, Natal, pp. 51-84.
- Freitas, M.A. & Moises, L.E. (2009) Anotosaura vanzolinia. Geographic Distribution. Herpetological Review, 40 (2), 237.
- Garbe, E. (1908) letters to H. von Ihering. Fundo Museu Paulista Serie - Correspondencias 1908.
- Godinho, R., Crespo, E.G., Ferrand, N. & Harris, D.J. (2005) Phylogeny and evolution of the green lizards, Lacerta spp. (Squamata: Lacertidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Amphibia-Reptilia, 26, 271-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853805774408667
- Gogliath, M., Ribeiro, L.B. & Freire, E.M.X. (2010) Anotosaura vanzolinia. Geographic Distribution. Herpetological Review, 41, 243.
- Goncalves, U., Brito, P.S., Galdino, J.Y. & Torquato, S. (2012) Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae, Anotosaura vanzolinia Dixon, 1974: New records and geographic distribution map. Check List, 8, 632-633.
- Grizante M.B., Brandt, R. & Kohlsdorf, T. (2012) Evolution of Body Elongation in Gymnophthalmid Lizards: Relationships with Climate. PLoS ONE, 7, 1-7.
- Harvey, M.B. & Embert, D. (2008) Review of Bolivian Dipsas (Serpentes: Colubridae), with comments on other South American species. Herpetological Monographs, 22, 54-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/07-023.1
- Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. & Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1965-1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276
- Hijmans, R.J. & van Etten, J. (2013) Raster: Geographic data analysis and modeling. R package version 2.1-16. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster (Accessed 2 October 2013)
- Hoffstetter, R. & Gasc, J.P. (1969) Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles. In: Gans, C., Parsons, T.S. & Bellairs, A. d'A. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 1. Academic Press, London, pp. 201-310.
- Ihering, H. & Ihering, R. (1911) O Museu Paulista nos anos de 1906 a 1909. Revista do Museu Paulista, 8, 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-47142008000100006
- Jerez, A. & Tarazona, O.A. (2009) Appendicular skeleton in Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): osteology, limb reduction and postnatal skeletal ontogeny. Acta Zoologica, 90, 42-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00331.x
- Laguna, M.M., Rodrigues, M.T., Santos, R.M.L., Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y., Avila-Pires, T.C.S., Hoogmoed, M.S. & Pellegrino, K.C.M. (2010a) Karyotypes of a cryptic diploid form of the unisexual Leposoma percarinatum (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) and the bisexual Leposoma ferreirai from the lower Rio Negro, Amazonian Brazil. Journal of Herpetology, 44, 153-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/08-250.1
- Laguna, M.M., Garcia, C., Amaro, R.C., Rodrigues, M.T. & Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. (2010b) Relacoes evolutivas entre os lagartos da Tribo Ecpleopodini (Gymnophthalmidae, Squamata): uma abordagem cromossomica e molecular. XVIII Encontro de Genetica do Nordeste, 2010, Jequie - BA. XVIII ENGENE.
- Manzani, P.R. & Abe, A.S. (1988) Sobre dois novos metodos de preparo do hemipenis de serpentes. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 50, 15-20.
- Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 November 2010. New Orleans, LA, pp. 1-8.
- Moura, G.J.B., Santos, E.M., Oliveira, M.A.B. & Cabral, M.C.C. (2011) Herpetofauna no estado de Pernambuco. IBAMA, Brasilia, 440 pp.
- Myers, C.W. & Donnelly, M.A. (2001) Herpetofauna of the Yutaje-Corocoro massif, Venezuela: Second report from The Robert G. Goelet American Museum-terramar expedition to the northwestern tepuis. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2001)261<0001:hotycm>2.0.co;2
- Myers, C.W. & Donnelly, M.A. (2008) The summit herpetofauna of Auyantepui, Venezuela: report from the Robert G. Goelet American Museum - TERRAMAR Expedition. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 308, 1-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/308.1
- Nachtergaele, F., van Velthuizen, H., Verelst, L. & Wiberg, D. (2012) Harmonized World Soil Database - Version 1.2. FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 42 pp. Available from: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/ (Accessed 2 October 2013)
- Napravnik, L.A.P. (2011) Caracteristicas geoquimicas, petrograficas e metalogeneticas dos flogopitititos de Carnaiba e Socoto, Bahia. Monograph. Instituto de Geociencias, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 134 pp.
- Noronha-Oliveira, M.V., Brito-de-Carvalho, C. & Faria, R.G. (2010) Dryadosaura nordestina (NCN). Herpetological Review, 41, 512.
- Nunes, P.M.S. (2011) Morfologia hemipeniana dos lagartos microteideos e suas implicacoes nas relacoes filogeneticas da familia Gymnophthalmidae (Teioidea: Squamata). PhD Thesis, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 137 pp.
- Nunes, P.M.S., Fouquet, A., Curcio, F.F., Kok, P.J.R. & Rodrigues, M.T. (2012) Cryptic species in Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851 (Squamata: Gymnophitalmidae) revealed by hemipenial morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 166, 361-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00846.x
- Oliveira, B.H.S. (2011) Resultados preliminares sobre o uso do habitat por Anotosaura vanzolinia (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) em uma area de Caatinga, Campina Grande, PB. X Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil, 2011, Sao Lourenco, MG.
- Palumbi, S.R. (1996) Nucleic acids. II. The polymerase chain reaction. In: Hillis, D.M., Moritz, C. & Mable, B.K. (Eds.), Molecular Systematics. Sinauer & Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp. 205-247.
- Pellegrino, K.C.M., Rodrigues, M.T. & Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. (1999a) Chromosomal evolution in the Brazilian lizards of genus Leposoma (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from Amazon and Atlantic rain forests: banding patterns and FISH of telomeric sequences. Hereditas, 131 (1), 15-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00015.x
- Pellegrino, K.C.M.;, Rodrigues, M.T. & Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. (1999b) Chromosomal polymorphisms due to supernumerary chromosomes and pericentric inversions in the eyelidless microteiid lizard Nothobachia ablephara (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). Chromosome Research, 7 (4), 247-254.
- Pellegrino, K.C.M., Rodrigues, M.T., Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. & Sites, J.W. (2001) A molecular perspective on the evolution of microteiid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), and a new classification for the family. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 74, 315-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01395.x
- Pellegrino, K.C.M., Rodrigues, M.T. & Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. (2003) A triploid karyotype for Leposoma percarinatum (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). Journal of Herpetology, 37, 197-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0197:tkolps]2.0.co;2
- Peloso, P.L.V., Pellegrino, K.C.M., Rodrigues, M.T. & Avila-Pires, T.C.S. (2011) Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and species of lizard (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from the Amazonian rainforest of Northern Brazil.American Museum Novitates, 3713, 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/3713.2
- Pesantes, O.S. (1994) A Method for preparing the hemipenis of preserved snakes. Journal of Herpetology, 28, 93-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564686
- Peters, J.A. & Donoso-Barros, R. (1970) Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part II. Lizards and amphisbaenians. United States National Museum Bulletin, 297, 1-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.297.1
- Pianka, E. & Vitt, L. (2003) Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. University of California Press, Berkeley, 347pp.
- Posada, D. (2008) jModelTest: Phylogenetic Model Averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1253-1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn083
- Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A.J. (2009) MCMC Trace Analysis Tool Version v1.5.0. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh and Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland. Available from: http:// beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/ (accessed 02 October 2013)
- Rodrigues, M.T. (1986) Uma nova especie do genero Phyllopezus de Cabaceiras, Paraiba, Brazil, com comentarios sobre a fauna de lagartos da area (Sauria, Gekkonidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 36, 237-250.
- Rodrigues, M.T. (1990) Os Lagartos da Floresta Atlantica Brasileira: Distribuicao Atual e Preterita e suas Implicacoes para Estudos Futuros. In: Watanabe, S. (Ed.) II Simposio sobre ecossistemas da costa sul e sudeste brasileira. Academia de Ciencias do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 404-410.
- Rodrigues, M.T. (2003) Herpetofauna da Caatinga. In: Leal, I.R., Tabarelli, M. & Silva, J.M.C. (Eds.), Ecologia e Conservacao da Caatinga. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, pp. 181-236.
- Rodrigues, M.T., Freire, E.M.X., Pellegrino, K.C.M. & Sites, J.W. (2005) Phylogenetic relationships of a new genus and species of microteiid lizard from the Atlantic forest of north-eastern Brazil (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144, 543-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00177.x
- Rodrigues, M.T., Teixeira Jr., M., Recoder, R.S., Dal Vechio, F., Damasceno, R. & Pellegrino, K.C.M. (2013) A new species of Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with four fingers from the Atlantic Forest central corridor in Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3635, 459-475.
- Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 772 pp.
- Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Hohna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference and Model Choice across a Large Model Space. Systematic Biology, 31, 1-4.
- Ruschi, A. (1966) Lista dos repteis do Estado do Espirito Santo. Boletim do Museu de Biologia "Prof. Mello Leitao" (Zoologia), 26, 1-6.
- Russel, A.P. & Bauer, A.M. (2008) The appendicular locomotor apparatus of Sphenodon and normal-limbed Squamates. In: Gans, C., Gaunt, A.S. & Adler, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 21. Morphology I. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Academic Press, London, pp. 1-46.
- Santana, G.G., Vieira, W.L.S., Pereira-Filho, G.A., Delfim, F.R., Lima, Y.C.C. & Vieira, K.S. (2008) Herpetofauna em um fragmento de Floresta Atlantica no Estado da Paraiba, Regiao Nordeste do Brasil. Biotemas, 21, 75-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2008v21n1p75
- Savage, J.M. (1997) On terminology for the description of the hemipenis of squamate reptiles. Herpetological Journal, 7, 23-25.
- Sherbrooke, W.C. & Cole, C.J. (1972) Chromosomes of the South American teiid lizard Neusticurus ecpleopus Cope and Neusticurus strangulatus trachodus Uzzell. Copeia, 1972, 886-889.
- Soares, M. & Caramaschi, U. (1998) A new species of Colobosauroides Cunha, Lima-Verde & Lima, 1991 from the state of Bahia, Brazil (Squamata, Sauria, Gymnophthalmidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie - Zoologia, 388, 1-8.
- Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics, 22, 2688-2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
- Swofford, D.L. (2001) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods) version 4.0 beta 10 for 32-bit Microsoft Windows. Smithsonian Institution: Washington, DC.
- Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 2731-2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
- Uzzell, T. (1973) A revision of lizards of the genus Prionodactylus, with a new genus for P. leucostictus and notes on the genus Euspondylus (Sauria, Teiidae). Postilla, 159, 1-67.
- Vanzolini, P. (1976) Two notes on Anotosaura (Sauria, Teiidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 30, 119-122.
- Vanzolini, P.E. & Ramos, A.M.M. (1977) A new species of Colobodactylus, with notes on the distribution of a group of stranded microteiid lizards (Sauria, Gymnophthalmidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 31, 19-47.
- Venables, W.N. & Ripley, B.D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth Edition.Springer, New York, 508 pp.
- Williams, E.E. & Vanzolini, P. (1980) Notes and biogeographic comments on anoles from Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 34, 99-108.
- Wiens, J.J., Brandley, M.C. & Reeder, T.W. (2006) Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles. Evolution, 60, 123-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01088.x
- Yonenaga, Y. (1972) Polimorfismos cromossomicos em roedores brasileiros. PhD Thesis, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 214 pp.
- Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. & Rodrigues, M.T. (1999) Supernumerary chromosome variation, heteromorphic sex chromosomes and banding patterns in microteiid lizards of the genus Micrablepharus (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). Chromosome Research, 7, 21-29.
- Yonenaga-Yassuda,Y., Vanzolini, P.E., Rodrigues, M.T. & Carvalho, C.M. (1995) Chromosome banding patterns in the unisexual microteiid Gymnophthalmus underwoodi in two related sibling species (Gymnophthalmidae, Sauria). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 70, 29-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000133985
- Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y., Mori, L., Chu, T.H. & Rodrigues, M.T. (1996) Chromosomal banding patterns in the eyelid-less microteiid radiation: Procellosaurinus and Vanzosaura (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 74, 203-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000134415
- Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y., Rodrigues, M.T. & Pellegrino, K.C.M. (2005) Chromosomal banding patterns in the eyelid-less microteiid radiation: the X1X2Y:X1X1X2X2 sex chromosome system in Calyptommatus, and the karyotypes of Psilophthalmus and Tretioscincus (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 28, 700-709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572005000500009
- Zaher, H. (1999) Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 240, 1-168.
- Zar, J.H. (2010) Biostatistical Analysis. 5 ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 960 pp.