Published July 2, 2013 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Creators

Description

Thuy, Ben (2013): Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). European Journal of Taxonomy 48: 1-242, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.48

Files

source.pdf

Files (44.7 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:6541ef1b6555857bd13025299ff89f78
44.7 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

References

  • Adatte T., Arnaud-Vanneau A., Arnaud H., Blanc-Aletru M.C., Bodin S., Carrio E., Follmi K.B., Godet A., Raddadi M.C. & Vermeulen J. 2005. The Hauterivian -Lower Aptian sequence stratigraphy from Jura Platform to Vocontian Basin: a multidisciplinary approach. Geologie Alpine, Serie speciale "Colloques et excursions" 7: 1-181.
  • Adrain J.M., Westrop S.R. & Chatterton D.E. 2000. Silurian trilobite alpha diversity and the end-Ordovician mass extinction. Paleobiology 26 (4): 625-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094- 8373(2000)026<0625:STADAT>2.0.CO;2
  • Allenbach R.P. 2001. Synsedimentary tectonics in an epicontinental sea: a new interpretation of the Oxfordian basins of northern Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 94: 265-287.
  • Aquino-Souza R., Hawkins S.J.&Tyler P.A.2008.Early development and larval survival of Psammechinus miliaris under deep-sea temperature and pressure conditions. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88 (3): 453-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315408001148
  • Bachmayer F. & Kollmann H. 1968. Eine Ophiure aus der Trias Jugoslawiens. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 72: 645-648.
  • Baker A.N. & Devaney D.M. 1981. New records of Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from southern Australia, including new species of Ophiacantha and Ophionereis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Australia 105: 155-178.
  • Benton M.J. 1995. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science 268 (5207): 52-58. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7701342
  • Bernecker M. & Weidlich O. 2005. Azooxanthellate corals in the Late Maastrichtian-Early Paleocene of the Danish basin: bryozoan and coral mounds in a boreal shelf setting. In: Freiwald A. & Murray J. (eds) Cold-water corals and ecosystems: 3-25. Erlangen Earth Conference Series 1, Springer, Berlin. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_1
  • Bernoulli D. & Jenkyns H.C. 2009. Ancient oceans and continental margins of the Alpine-Mediterranean Tethys: deciphering clues from Mesozoic pelagic sediments and ophiolites. Sedimentology 56 (1): 149- 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01017.x
  • Blake D.B. & Aronson R.B. 1998. Eocene stelleroids (Echinodermata) at Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Paleontology 72 (2): 339-353.
  • Blake D.B. & Reid III R. 1998. Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 512-532.
  • Bohm F. 1992. Mikrofazies und Ablagerungsmilieu des Lias und Dogger der Nordostlichen Kalkalpen. Erlanger geologische Abhandlungen 121: 57-217.
  • Bohm F. & Brachert T.C. 1993. Deep-water stromatolites and Frutexites Maslov from the Early and Middle Jurassic of S-Germany and Austria. Facies 28 (1): 145-168.
  • Bohm F., Dommergues J.-L. & Meister C. 1995. Breccias of the Adnet Formation: indicators of a Mid- Liassic tectonic event in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Salzburg/Austria). Geologische Rundschau 84 (2): 272-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260440
  • Bottjer D.J. & Jablonski D. 1988. Paleoenvironmental patterns in the evolution of post-Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrates. Palaios 3 (6): 540-560. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3514444
  • Boulvain F., Belanger I., Delsate D., Ghysel P., Godefroit P., Laloux M., Monteyne R. & Roche M. 2001. Triassic and Jurassic lithostratigraphic units (Belgian Lorraine). In: Bultynck P. & Dejonghe L. (eds) Lithostratigraphic scale of Belgium. Geologica Belgica 4 (1-2): 113-119.
  • Brandt A., De Broyer C., De Mesel I., Ellingsen K.E., Gooday A.J., Hilbig B., Linse K., Thomson M.R.A. & Tyler P.A. 2007. The biodiversity of the deep Southern Ocean benthos. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 362 (1477): 39-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1952
  • Bremer K. 1994. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10 (3): 295-304. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00179.x
  • Brey T., Dahm C., Gorny M., Klages M., Stiller M. &Arntz W.E. 1996. Do Antarctic benthic invertebrates show an extended level of eurybathy? Antarctic Science 8 (1): 3-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S0954102096000028
  • Broglio Loriga C. & Berti Cavicchi A. 1972. Praeaplocoma hessi n. gen., n. sp., un ofiura del Werfeniano (Trias Inferiore) del Gruppo della Costabella, Dolomiti. Memorie Geopaleontologiche dell'Universita di Ferrara 2: 185-197.
  • Bruckner A., Janussen D. & Schneider S. 2003. Eine neue Poriferen-Fauna aus dem Septarienton (Oligozan, Rupelium) von Bad Freienwalde (NE-Deutschland) und der erste fossil erhaltene Vertreter der nicht-rigiden Hexactinelliden-Gattung Asconema. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 77 (2): 263-280.
  • Calzada S. & Gutierrez D. 1988. Ofiuras (Echinodermata) del Ladiniense catalan. Batalleria 1: 31-38.
  • Chen Z.Q., Shi G.R. & Kaiho K. 2004. New ophiuroids from the Permian/Triassic boundary beds of South China. Palaeontology 47 (5): 1302-1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00406.x
  • Clark H.L. 1911. North Pacific ophiurans in the collection of the Unites States National Museum. United States National Museum Bulletin 75, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/ bhl.title.1324
  • Clarke A.H.Jr. 1962. On the composition, zoogeography, origin and age of the deep-sea mollusc fauna. Deep-Sea Research 9 (7-10): 291-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(62)90012-8
  • Davis R.A. 1977. Principles of oceanography. Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading.
  • Delsate D. 1993. Elasmobranches du Bajocien inferieur de Longwy (Meurthe et Moselle). Cossmanniana Hors serie 2: 56-58.
  • Delsate D., Duffin C.J. & Weis R. 2002. A new microvertebrate fauna from the Middle Hettangian (Early Jurassic) of Fontenoille (Province of Luxembourg, south Belgium). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium 48, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels.
  • Delsate D. & Thuy B. 2005. Introduction geologique et biostratigraphique a quelques affleurements hettangiens du Luxembourg belge et grand-ducal. In: Delsate D. (ed.) Biostratigraphie et Paleontologie de l'Hettangien en Belgique et au Grand-Duche de Luxembourg: 1-25. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium 51, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels.
  • Dimter A. & Smelror M. 1990. Callovian (Middle Jurassic) marine microplankton from southwestern Germany:Biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental interpretations.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80 (3-4): 173-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90131-P
  • Donovan S.K. 2001. Evolution of the Caribbean echinoderms during the Cenozoic: moving towards a complete picture using all of the fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 166 (1- 2): 177-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00208-X
  • Donovan S.K. 2003. Completeness of a fossil record: the Pleistocene echinoids of the Antilles. Lethaia 36 (1): 1-7.
  • Donovan S.K. & Jakobsen S.L. 2004. An unusual crinoid-barnacle association in the type area of the Danian (Paleocene), Denmark. Lethaia 37 (4): 407-415.
  • Emig C.C. & Geistdoerfer P. 2004. The Mediterranean deep-sea fauna: historical evolution, bathymetric variations and geographical changes. Carnets de Geologie/Notebooks on Geology 2004: 1-10. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/3230
  • Fatela F. & Taborda R. 2002. Confidence limits of species proportions in microfossil assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology 45 (2): 169-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00021-X
  • Fechner G.G. 1996. Septarienton und Stettiner Sand als Fazieseinheiten im Rupelium der ostl. Mark Brandenburg: palynologisch-fazielle Untersuchungen bei Bad Freienwalde. In: Kohring R. (ed.) Miscellanea Palaeontologica 5: 77-119. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe E 18, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin.
  • Feist-Burkhardt S., Gotz A.E., Szulc J. (coordinators), Aigner T., Borkhataria R., Geluk M., Haas J., Hornung J., Jordan P., Kempf O., Michalik J., Nawrocki J., Reinhardt L., Ricken W., Rohling H.-G., Ruffer T., Torok A. & Zuhlke R. 2008. Triassic. In: McCann T. (ed.) The Geology of Central Europe: 749-821. Geological Society, London.
  • Feldmann R.M. & Woodburne M.O. (eds) 1988. Geology and paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society of America Memoir 169, Goelogical Society of America, Boulder.
  • Fell H.B. 1960. Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington 26, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.
  • Feng R. 1985. New discovery of fossil ophiuroids from Guizhou and southern Sichuan, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 24: 337-343.
  • Fernandez-Lopez S.R., Pavia G., Erba E., Guiomar M., Henriques M.H., Lanza R., Mangold C., Morton N., Olivero D. & Tiraboschi D. 2009. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bes Section, SE France. Episodes 32 (4): 222- 248.
  • Forest J. 2006. The recent glypheids and their relationship with their fossil relatives (Decapoda, Reptantia). Crustaceana 79 (7): 795-820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854006778008221
  • Fries G. & Parize O. 2003. Anatomy of ancient passive margin slope systems: Aptian gravity-driven deposition on the Vocontian palaeomargin, western Alps, south-east France. Sedimentology 50 (6): 1231-1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2003.00601.x
  • Fursich F.T. Pandey D.K., Callomon J.H., Jaitly A.K. & Singh I.B. 2001. Marker beds in the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin, western India: their depositional environment and sequence-stratigraphic significance. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 46: 173-198.
  • Fursich F.T., Oschmann W., Pandey D.L., Jaitly A.K., Singh I.B. & Liu C. 2004. Palaeoecology of middle to lower Upper Jurassic macrofaunas of the Kachchh Basin, western India: an overview. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 49: 1-26.
  • Gage J.D. & Tyler P.A. 1991. Deep-sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139163637
  • Gale A.S. 2011.Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, Departement du Jura, France. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 130 (1): 69-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-010- 0008-x
  • Geister J. & Lathuiliere B. 1991. Jurassic coral reefs of the north-eastern Paris Basin (Luxembourg and Lorraine). International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria, Munster. Excursion 3A, Guidebook.
  • Geyer O.F. & Gwinner M.P. 1986. Geologie von Baden-Wurttemberg. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. Gill G.A., Santantonio M. & Lathuiliere B. 2004. The depth of pelagic deposits in the Tethyan Jurassic and the use of corals: an example from the Apennines. Sedimentary Geology 166 (3-4): 311-334. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.01.013
  • Goldberg E.E., Roy K., Lande R. & Jablonski D. 2005. Diversity, endemism, and age distributions in macroevolutionary sources and sinks. The American Naturalist 165 (6): 623-633. http://dx.doi. org/10.1086/430012
  • Gordon C.M. & Donovan S.K. 1992. Disarticulated echinoid ossicles in paleoecology and taphonomy: the last interglacial Falmouth Formation of Jamaica. Palaios 7 (2): 157-166. http://dx.doi. org/10.2307/3514926
  • Gray J.E. 1840. A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6:175-184 and275-290.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03745484009443282 and http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03745484009443296
  • Guaiumi C., Nicora A., Preto N., Rigo M., Balini M., Di Stefano P., Gullo M., Levera M., Mazza M. & Muttoni G. 2007. New biostratigraphic data around the Carnian/Norian boundary from the Pizzo Mondello section, Sicani Mountains, Sicily. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 41: 40-42.
  • Hagdorn H. 2011. Triassic: the crucial period of post-Palaeozoic crinoid diversification. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 130 (1): 91-112 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-010-0009-9
  • Hammer O., Harper D.A.T. & Ryan P.D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4: 1-9.
  • Herrig E. 1996. Revision der Ostrakoden (Crustacea) der Schreibkreide (Unter-Maastrichtium) der lnsel Rugen/Ostsee. Greifswalder geowissenschaftliche Beitrage 3: 21-28.
  • Hess H. 1960. Ophiurenreste aus dem Malm des Schweizer Juras und des Departements Haut-Rhin. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 53: 385-421.
  • Hess H. 1962. Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen an Ophiuren II: Die Ophiuren aus dem Lias (Pliensbachien-Toarcien) von Seewen (Kt. Solothurn). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 55: 609-656.
  • Hess H. 1963. Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen an Ophiuren III: Die Ophiuren aus dem Callovien-Ton von Liesberg (Berner Jura). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 56: 1141-1164.
  • Hess H. 1964. Die Ophiuren des englischen Jura. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 57: 756-801.
  • Hess H. 1965a. Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen an Ophiuren IV: Die Ophiuren aus dem Renggeri-Ton (Unter-Oxford) von Chapois (Jura) und Longecombe (Ain). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 58: 1059-1082.
  • Hess H. 1965b. Trias-Ophiurien aus Deutschland, England, Italien und Spanien. Mitteilungen aus der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fur Palaontologie und historische Geologie 5: 151-177.
  • Hess H. 1966. Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen an Ophiuren V: Die Ophiuren aus dem Argovien (unteres Ober-Oxford) vom Guldental (Kt. Solothurn) und von Savigna (Dept. Jura). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 59: 1025-1063.
  • Hess H. 1970a. Ein neuer Schlangenstern (Aplocoma mutata n. sp.) aus dem Hettangien von Ceilhes (Herault) und Bemerkungen uber "Ophioderma" squamosa aus dem Muschelkalk. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 63: 1059-1067.
  • Hess H. 1970b. Schlangensterne und Seesterne aus dem oberen Hauterivien "Pierre jaune" von St- Blaise bei Neuchatel. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 63: 1069-1091.
  • Hess H. 1972a. Eine Echinodermenfauna aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen 92, Birkhauser, Basel.
  • Hess H. 1972b. An ophiuroid from the Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon (Negev, Israel). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 65: 725-729.
  • Hess H. 1975a. Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen an Ophiuren VI: Die Ophiuren aus den Gunsberg-Schichten (oberes Oxford) vom Guldental (Kt. Solothurn). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 68: 591-601.
  • Hess H. 1975b. Mikropalaontologische Untersuchungen an Ophiuren VII: Die Ophiuren aus den Humeralis-Schichten (Ober-Oxford) von Raedersdorf (Ht-Rhin). Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 68: 603-612.
  • Hess H. 2006. Crinoids (Echinodermata) from the Lower Jurassic (Upper Pliensbachian) of Arzo, southern Switzerland. Schweizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen 126, Birkhauser, Basel.
  • Hess H. 2012. Crinoids from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Lower Callovian) of Ardeche, France. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 131 (2): 211-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-012-0044-9
  • Hess H., Ausich W.I., Brett C.E. & Simms M.J. 1999. Fossil crinoids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Hess H. & Gale A.S. 2010. Crinoids from the Shenley Limestone (Albian) of Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, UK. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8 (3): 427-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1477 2019.2010.484942
  • Hess H. & Holenweg H. 1985. Die Begleitfauna auf den Seelilienbanken im mittleren Dogger des Schweizer Juras. Tatigkeitsberichte Naturforschende Gesellschaft Baselland 33: 141-177.
  • Hessler R.R. & Sanders H.L. 1967. Faunal diversity in the deep-sea. Deep-Sea Research 14 (1): 65-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(67)90029-0
  • Hofmann K. 1996. Die mikro-endolithischen Spurenfossilien der borealen Oberkreide Nordwest- Europas. Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe A 136, German Geological Survey BGR, Hannover.
  • Horne D.J. 1999. Ocean circulation modes of the Phanerozoic: implications for the antiquity of deep-sea benthonic invertebrates. Crustaceana 72 (8): 999-1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854099503906
  • Huber B.T., Norris R.D. & MacLeod K.G. 2002. Deep-sea paleotemperature record of extreme warmth duringtheCretaceous.Geology30(2):123-126.http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0123:DS PROE>2.0.CO;2
  • Huber B.T. & Leckie R.M. 2011. Planktic foraminiferal species turnover across deep-sea Aptian- Albian boundary sections. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 41 (1): 53-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/ gsjfr.41.1.53
  • Insalaco E., Hallam A. & Rosen B. 1997. Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) coral reefs in western Europe: reef types and conceptual depositional model. Sedimentology 44 (4): 707-734. http://dx.doi. org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1997.d01-44.x
  • Ishida Y. 2001. Cenozoic ophiuroids from Japan; particularly those conspecific with extant species. In: J.-P. Feral & B. David (eds) Echinoderm Research 2001: 53-59. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse.
  • Ishida Y., Koike H. & Narita K. 2009. Ophiacantha (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the middle Miocene Bessho Formation at Azumino City, Nagano Prefecture, central Japan. Research Report of the Shinshushinmachi Fossil Museum 12: 1-6.
  • Ishida Y., Yoshii S. & Thuy B. 2011. Aplocoma sp. (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Middle Triassic Yakuno Group of Kyoto, central Japan. Paleontological Research 15 (1): 31-36. http://dx.doi. org/10.2517/1342-8144-15.1.031
  • Jablonski D. 2005. Evolutionary innovations in the fossil record: the intersection of ecology, development and macroevolution. J ournal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol) 304B (6): 504-519. http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/jez.b.21075
  • Jablonski D., Sepkoski J.J., Bottjer D.J. & Sheehan P.M. 1983. Onshore-offshore patterns in the evolution of Phanerozoic shelf communities. Science 222 (4628): 1123-1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/ science.222.4628.1123
  • Jacobs D.K. & Lindberg D.R. 1998. Oxygen and evolutionary patterns in the sea: onshore/offshore trends and recent recruitment of deep-sea faunas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95 (16): 9396-9401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9396
  • Jagt J.W.M. 1999a. Ophiuroid diversity in the type area of the Maastrichtian Stage. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78 (2): 197-206.
  • Jagt J.W.M. 1999b. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K/T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium - Part 1: Introduction and stratigraphy. Part 2: Crinoids. Scripta Geologica 116: 1-57, 59-255.
  • Jagt J.W.M. 2000. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K/T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and nordeast Belgium - Part 3: Ophiuroids. With a chapter on Early Maastrichtian ophiuroids from Rugen (northeast Germany) and Mon (Denmark) by Manfred Kutscher & John W.M. Jagt. Scripta Geologica 121: 1-179.
  • Jagt J.W.M. & Odin G.S. 2001. Campanian-Maastrichtian ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from Tercis les Bains (Landes, France). In: Odin G.S. (ed.) The Campanian-Maastrichtian Stage Boundary. Characterisation at Tercis les Bains (France) and correlation with Europe and other continents : 414-420. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 19, Elsevier, Amsterdam. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0920-5446(01)80043-1
  • Jagt J.W.M. & Riegraf W. 2003. Late cretaceous [sic] ophiuroids from the Munsterland Basin (Germany): preliminary observations. In: Feral J.-P. & David B. (eds) Echinoderm Research 2001: 61-63. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse.
  • Jagt J.W.M. & Jagt-Yazykova E.A. 2012. Stratigraphy of the type Maastrichtian - a synthesis. In: Jagt J.W.M., Donovan S.K. & Jagt-Yazykova E.A. (eds) Fossils of the type Maastrichtian (Part 1). Scripta Geologica, Special Issue 8: 5-32.
  • Jagt J.W.M., Thuy B., Donovan S.K., Stohr S., Portell R.W., Pickerill R.K., Harper D.A.T., Lindsay W. & Jackson T.A. In press. A starfish bed in the Middle Miocene Grand Bay Formation of Carriacou, The Grenadines (West Indies). Geological Magazine.
  • Jangoux M. & Lawrence J.M. (eds) 1982. Echinoderm nutrition. A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam.
  • Kashiyama Y. & Oji T. 2004. Low-diversity shallow marine benthic fauna from the Smithian of northeast Japan: paleoecologic and paleobiogeographic implications. Paleontological Research 8 (3): 199-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2517/prpsj.8.199
  • Kerr T.J.V. & Twitchett R.J. 2004. Experimental decay and disarticulation of Ophiura texturata: implications for the fossil record of ophiuroids. In: Heinzeller T. & Nebelsick J.H. (eds.) Echinoderms: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Echinoderm Conference (Munich, 2003): 439-445. Taylor and Francis Group, London.
  • Koehler R. 1922. Ophiurans of the Philippine Seas and adjacent waters. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin 100, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/ bhl.title.32917
  • Kozur H. 1972. Die Bedeutung triassischer Ostracoden fur stratigraphische und palaookologische Untersuchungen. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten 21: 623-660.
  • Krebs C.J. 1989. Ecological methodology, Harper & Row, New York.
  • Kristan-Tollmann E. & Gramann F. 1992. Paleontological evidence for the Triassic age of rocks dredged from the northern Exmouth Plateau (Tethyan foraminifers, echinoderms and ostracodes). In: Rad U. von, Haq B.U. et al. (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 122: 463-474. College Station, Texas. http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.122.186.1992
  • Kristan-Tollmann E., Tollmann A. & Hamedani A. 1979. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Trias von Persien. Mitteilungen der Osterreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft 70: 119-186.
  • Kroh A. 2007. Climate changes in the Early to Middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys and the origin of its echinoderm fauna. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 253 (1-2): 169-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.039
  • Kroh A. & Harzhauser M. 1999.An echinoderm fauna from the Lower Miocene of Austria: paleoecology and implications for Central Paratethys paleobiogeography. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien A 101: 145-191.
  • Kucera M. 2007. Planktonic foraminifera as tracers of past oceanic environments. In: Hillaire- Marcel C. & de Vernal A. (eds) Developments in marine geology, Volume 1, Proxies in Late Cenozoic paleoceanography: 213-262. Elsevier, Amsterdam. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01011-1
  • Kuhn O. 1952. Unsere palaeontologische Kenntnis vom osterreichischen Jungtertiar. Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Sonderheft C: 114-126.
  • Kummel B. & Teichert C. 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Permian-Triassic boundary beds, Salt Range and Trans Indus ranges, West Pakistan. In: Kummel B. & Teichert C. (eds) Stratigraphic boundary problems: Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan: 1-110. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
  • Kutscher M. 1987a. Die Echinodermen der Callovien-Geschiebe. Der Geschiebesammler 21: 50-104.
  • Kutscher M. 1987b. Aspidura streichani sp. n. - eine neue Ophiuren-Art aus dem Muschelkalk von Rudersdorf. Zeitschrift fur geologische Wissenschaften 15: 703-707.
  • Kutscher M. 1996. Echinodermata aus dem Ober-Toarcium und Aalenium Deutschlands II. Ophiuroidea. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde Serie B 242: 1-33.
  • Kutscher M. 2000. Schlangensterne (Ophiuroidea) aus dem Oberen Muschelkalk von Atzendorf bei Magdeburg. Der Aufschluss 51: 301-304.
  • Kutscher M. & Hary A. 1991. Echinodermen im Unteren Lias (Bucklandi- und Semicostatum-Zone) zwischen Ellange und Elvange (SE-Luxemburg). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 182: 37-72.
  • Kutscher M. & Jagt J.W.M. 2000. Early Maastrichtian ophiuroids from Rugen (northeast Germany) and Mon (Denmark). In: Jagt J.W.M. 2000. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K/T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and the northeast Belgium - Part 3: Ophiuroids. Scripta Geologica 121: 45-107.
  • Kutscher M. & Villier L. 2003. Ophiuroid remains from the Toarcian of Sainte-Verge (Deux-Sevres, France): paleobiological perspectives. Geobios 36 (2): 179-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016- 6995(03)00005-6
  • Kutzbach J.E. & Guetter P.J. 1990. Simulated circulation of an idealized ocean for Pangaean time. Paleoceanography 5 (3): 299-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/PA005i003p00299
  • Lathuiliere B. 2000. Coraux constructeurs du Bajocien inferieur de France. 1ere partie. Geobios 33 (1): 51-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80149-7
  • Lauridsen B.W., Bjerager M. & Surlyk F. 2012. The middle Danian Fakse Formation - new lithostratigraphic unit and a rare taphonomic window into the Danian of Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 60 : 47-60.
  • Lindner A., Cairns S.D. & Cunningham C.W. 2008. From offshore to onshore: multiple origins of shallow-water corals from deep-sea ancestors. PLoS ONE 3(6): e2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0002429
  • Loriol P. de. 1872. Description geologique et paleontologique des etages jurassiques superieurs de la Haute-Marne. Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Normandie 16, Savy, Paris.
  • Lucius M. 1948. Das Gutland. Erlauterungen zur geologischen Spezialkarte Luxemburgs. Publications du Service geologique du Luxembourg 5, Luxembourg.
  • Lukeneder A. 2004. The Olcostephanus Level: an Upper Valanginian ammonoid mass-occurrence (Lower Cretaceous, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Acta Geologica Polonica 54 (1): 23-33.
  • Lukeneder A. 2011. Barremian ammonoids from Serre de Bleyton (Drome, SE France). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien A 112: 613-626.
  • Madsen F.J. 1961. On the zoogeography and origin of the abyssal fauna. Galathea Reports 4: 177-218.
  • Martens E. von. 1867. Uber eine neue zwischen den Ophiuren und Euryalen die Mitte haltende Gattung von Seesternen, Hemieuryale. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, physikalisch-mathematische Klasse 1867: 481-486.
  • Martynov A. 2010. Reassessment of the classification of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata), based on morphological characters. I. General character evaluation and delineation of the families Ophiomyxidae and Ophiacanthidae. Zootaxa 2697: 1-154.
  • Martynov A. & Litvinova N.M. 2008. Deep-water Ophiuroidea of the northern Atlantic with descriptions of three new species and taxonomic remarks on certain genera and species. Marine Biology Research 4 (1-2): 76-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000701840066
  • Matsumoto H. 1917. A monograph of Japanese Ophiuroidea, arranged according to a new classification. Journal of the College Science, Imperial University Tokyo 38: 1-408.
  • McClain C.R. & Mincks Hardy S. 2010. The dynamics of biogeographic ranges in the deep sea. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 (1700): 3533-3546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1057
  • McClintock J.B. 1994. Trophic biology of Antarctic shallow-water echinoderms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 111: 191-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps111191
  • McClintock J.B., Baker B.J., Baumiller T. & Messing C.G. 1999. Lack of chemical defense in two species of stalked crinoids: support for the predation hypothesis for Mesozoic bathymetric restriction. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 232 (1): 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022- 0981(98)00003-3
  • Menzies R.J., George R.Y. & Rowe G.T. 1973. Abyssal environment and ecology of the world oceans. New York,Wiley-Interscience.
  • Merle D. (ed.) 2008. Stratotype Lutetien. Patrimoine geologique 1, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris; Biotope, Meze; BRGM, Orleans.
  • Metaxas A. & Giffin B. 2004. Dense beds of the ophiuroid Ophiacantha abyssicola on the continental slope off Nova Scotia, Canada. Deep-Sea Research I 51 (10): 1307-1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. dsr.2004.06.001
  • Miglietta M.P., Faucci A. & Santini F. 2011. Speciation in the sea: overview of the Symposium and Discussion of Future Directions. Integrative and Comparative Biology 51 (3): 449-455. http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/icb/icr024
  • Miller K.J., Rowden A.A., Williams A. & Haussermann V. 2011. Out of their depth? Isolated deep populations of the cosmopolitan coral Desmophyllum dianthus may be highly vulnerable to environmental change. PLoS ONE 6 (5): e19004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019004
  • Mortensen T. 1927 [1977]. Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Backhuys, Rotterdam. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6841
  • Mortensen T. 1936. Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea. Discovery Reports 12: 199-348.
  • Moseley H.N. 1880. Deep-sea dredging and life in the deep sea. Nature 21 (545): 543-547. http://dx.doi. org/10.1038/021543a0
  • Moura C.J., Cunha M.R., Porteiro F.M.,Yesson C. & Rogers A.D. 2012. Evolution of Nemertesia hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae) from the shallow and deep waters of the NE Atlantic and Western Mediterranean. Zoologica Scripta 41 (1): 79-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00503.x
  • Murray J.W. & Wright C.A. 1974. Palaeogene Foraminiferida and palaeoecology: Hampshire and Paris Basins, and the English Channel. Special Papers in Palaeontology 14, Palaeontological Association, London.
  • Mutterlose J. 1997. Gott clay-pit near Sarstedt. In: Mutterlose J., Wippich M.G.E. & Geisen M. (eds) Cretaceous depositional environments of NW Germany: 63-76. Bochumer Geologische und geotechnische Arbeiten 46, Institut fur Geologie der Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum.
  • Nebelsick J.H. 1992. Echinoid distribution by fragment identification in the northern Bay of Safaga, Red Sea, Egypt. Palaios 7 (3): 316-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3514976
  • Nebelsick J.H. 1996. Biodiversity of shallow-water Red Sea echinoids: implications for the fossil record. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76 (1): 185-194. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400029118
  • Norris R.D., Kroon D., Klaus A. et al. 1998. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports 171B. College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
  • O'Hara T.D. & Stohr S. 2006. Deep water Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) of New Caledonia: Ophiacanthidae and Hemieuryalidae. In: Richer de Forges B. & Justine J.-L. (eds) Tropical Deep- Sea Benthos 24: 33-141. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 193, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.
  • Ogg J., Ogg G. & Gradstein F.M. 2008. The concise geologic time scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Oji T. 1996. Is predation intensity reduced with increasing depth? Evidence from the West Atlantic stalked crinoid Endoxocrinus parrae (Gervais) and implications for the Mesozoic marine revolution. Paleobiology 22 (3): 339-351.
  • Olivier N., Hantzpergue P., Gaillard C., Pittet B., Leinfelder R.R., Schmid D.U. & Werner W. 2003. Microbialite morphology, structure and growth: a model of the Upper Jurassic reefs of the Chay Peninsula (western France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193 (3-4): 383-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00236-0
  • Olivier N., Pittet B. & Mattioli E. 2004. Palaeoenvironmental control on sponge-microbialite reefs and contemporaneous deep-shelf marl-limestone deposition (Late Oxfordian, southern Germany). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 212 (3-4): 233-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. palaeo.2004.06.003
  • Orbigny A.D. d' 1850. Prodrome du paleontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques et rayonnes faisant suite au cours elementaire de paleontologie et de geologie stratigraphique. Masson, Paris.
  • Paterson G.L.J. 1985. The deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series 49, British Museum, London.
  • Peckmann J., Kiel S., Sandy M.R., Taylor D.G. & Goedert J.L. 2011. Mass occurrences of the brachiopod Halorella in Late Triassic methane-seep deposits, eastern Oregon. Journal of Geology 119 (2): 207-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658199
  • Pflaumann U., Duprat J., Pujol C. & Labeyrie L. 1996. SIMMAX: a modern analog technique to deduce Atlantic sea surface temperatures from planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Paleoceanography 11 (1): 15-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95PA01743
  • Pienkowski G., Schudack M.E., Bosak P., Enay R., Feldman-Olszewska A., Golonka J., Gutowski J., Herngreen G.F.W., Jordan P., Krobicki M., Lathuiliere B., Leinfelder R.R., Michalik J., Monnig E., Noe-Nygaard N., Palfy J., Pint A., Rasser M.W., Reisdorf A.G., Schmid D.U., Schweigert G., Surlyk F., Wetzel A. & Wong T.E. 2008. Jurassic. In: McCann T. (ed.) The geology of central Europe 2: Mesozoic and Cenozoic: 823-922. The Geological Society, London.
  • Radwanski A. 2002. Triassic brittlestar beds of Poland: a case of Aspiduriella ludeni (v. Hagenow, 1846) and Arenorbis squamosus (E. Picard, 1858). Acta Geologica Polonica 52 (4): 395-410.
  • Rasmussen H.W. 1952. Cretaceous Ophiuroidea from Germany, Sweden, Spain and New Jersey. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening 12 (1951): 47-57.
  • Rasmussen H.W. 1972. Lower Tertiary Crinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea from northern Europe and Greenland. Biologiske Skrifter 19, Det kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.
  • Reich M. & Frenzel P. 2002. Die Fauna und Flora der Rugener Schreibkreide (Maastrichtium, Ostsee). Archiv fur Geschiebekunde 3 (2/4): 73-284.
  • Reisdorf A.G., Wetzel A., Schlatter R. & Jordan P. 2011. The Staffelegg Formation: a new stratigraphic scheme for the Early Jurassic of northern Switzerland. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 104 (1): 97-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-011-0057-1
  • Rex M.A. & Etter R.J. 2010. Deep-sea biodiversity: pattern and scale. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Ricklefs R.E. & Schluter D. 1993. Species diversity: regional and historical influences. In: Ricklefs R.E. & Schluter D. (eds) Species diversity in ecological communities: 350-363. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Rogers A.D. 2000. The role of the oceanic oxygen minima in generating biodiversity in the deep sea. Deep-Sea Research II 47 (1-2): 119-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00107-1
  • Rogl F. Coric S., Harzhauser M., Jimenez-Moreno G., Kroh A., Schultz O., Wessely G. & Zorn I. 2008. The Middle Miocene Badenian stratotype at Baden-Sooss (Lower Austria). Geologica Carpathica 59 (5): 367-374.
  • Ropolo P., Moullade M., Gonnet R., Conte G. & Tronchetti G. 2006. The Deshayesitidae Stoyanov, 1949 (Ammonoidea) of the Aptian historical stratotype region at Cassis-La Bedoule (SE France). Carnets de Geologie/Notebooks on Geology 2006/01: 1-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/4744
  • Runnegar B. 1969. A Lower Triassic ammonoid fauna from south-east Queensland. Journal of Paleontology 43: 818-828.
  • Russo F. 2005. Biofacies evolution in the Triassic platforms of the Dolomites, Italy. Annali dell'Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, Museologia Scientifica e Naturalistica, volume speciale 2005: 33-45.
  • Salamon M. 2004. High-density populations of the Triassic ophiuroid Aspiduriella ludeni (Hagenow) in the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland). Freiberger Forschungshefte 12: 1-7.
  • Sanders H.L. 1968. Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. The American Naturalist 102 (925): 243-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/282541
  • Schmid D.U., Leinefelder R.R. & Nose M. 2001. Growth dynamics and ecology of Upper Jurassic mounds, with comparisons to Mid-Palaeozoic mounds. Sedimentary Geology 145 (3-4): 343-376. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00157-9
  • Schneider S., Fursich F.T. & Werner W. 2009. Sr-isotope stratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic of central Portugal (Lusitanian Basin) based on oyster shells. International Journal of Earth Sciences 98 (8): 1949-1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0359-3
  • Schonfeld J. 1990. Zur Stratigraphie und Okologie benthischer Foraminiferen im Schreibkreide- Richtprofil von Lagerdorf/Holstein. Geologisches Jahrbuch A 117, German Geological Survey BGR, Hannover. 1-151.
  • Schulz M.-G., Ernst H. & Weitschat W. 1984. Stratigraphie und Fauna der Ober-Kreide (Coniac - Maastricht) von Lagerdorf und Kroonsmoor (Holstein). In: Degens E.T. Exkursionsfuhrer Erdgeschichte des Nordsee- und Ostseeraumes: 483-517. Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut der Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg.
  • Simms M.J., Chidlaw N., Morton N. & Page K.N. 2004. British Lower Jurassic stratigraphy. Geological Conservation Review Series 30, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.
  • Scotese C.R. 1991. Jurassic and Cretaceous plate tectonic reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 87 (1-4): 493-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90145-H
  • Smith A.B. 2011. Gymnodiadema and the Jurassic roots of the Arbacioida (stirodont echinoids). Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 130 (1): 155-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-010-0014-z
  • Smith A.B., Paterson G.L.J. & Lafay B. 1995. Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 114 (2): 213- 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00117c.x
  • Smith A.B. & Rader W.I. 2009. Echinoid diversity, preservation potential and sequence stratigraphical cycles in the Glen Rose Formation (early Albian, Early Cretaceous), Texas, USA. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 89 (1-2): 7-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12549-009-0002-8
  • Smith A.G., Smith D.G., & Funnell B.M. 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Smith A.B. & Stockley B. 2005. The geological history of deep-sea colonization by echinoids: roles of surface productivity and deep-water ventilation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272 (1565): 865- 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2996
  • Stohr S. 2005. Who's who among baby brittle stars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea): postmetamorphic development of some North Atlantic forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (4): 543-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00155.x
  • Stohr S. 2011. New records and new species of Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Lifou, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. Zootaxa 3089: 1-50.
  • Stohr S. & O'Hara T.D. 2007. World Ophiuroidea database. Available from http://www.marinespecies. org/ophiuroidea [accessed on 14 Jun. 2012].
  • Stohr S., O'Hara T.D. & Thuy B. 2012. Global diversity of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). PLoS One 7(3): e31940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031940
  • Storc R. 2004. The Late Cretaceous brittle star Ophiosmilax? alternatus from Europe and northern Africa. Geobios 37 (3): 395-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.010
  • Storc R. & Zitt J. 2008. Late Turonian ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences 83 (2): 123-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3140/bull. geosci.2008.02.123
  • Stover B.C. & Muller K. 2010. TreeGraph 2: combining and visualizing evidence from different phylogenetic analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 11 (1): 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-7
  • Strugnell J.M., Rogers A.D., Prodohl P.A., Collins M. & Allcock A.L. 2008. The thermohaline expressway: the Southern Ocean as a centre of origin for deep-sea octopuses. Cladistics 24 (6): 853- 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00234.x
  • Summesberger H. 1997. Postconference Excursion 2. The Cretaceous of the Grunbach - Neue Welt Basin. In: Kollmann H.A. & Hubmann B. (eds) Climates: past, present and future: 77-89. Second European Palaeontological Congress, Excursion Guides, Vienna.
  • Surlyk F. & Sorensen A.M. 2010. An early Campanian rocky shore at Ivo Klack, southern Sweden. Cretaceous Research 31 (6): 567-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2010.07.006
  • Swofford D. L. 2005. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
  • Thuy B. 2005. Les Ophiures de l'Hettangien inferieur de Vance (B), Bereldange/Bridel et Bourglinster (L). In : Delsate D. (ed.) Biostratigraphie et Paleontologie de l'Hettangien en Belgique et au Grand- Duche de Luxembourg: 33-57. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium 51, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels.
  • Thuy B. 2011. Exceptionally well-preserved brittle stars from the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of the French Ardennes. Palaeontology 54 (1): 215-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00981.x
  • Thuy B., Gale A.S. & Reich M. 2011. A new echinoderm Lagerstatte from the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of the French Ardennes. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 130 (1): 173-185. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s13358-010-0015-y
  • Thuy B., Ishida Y., Doi E. & Kroh A. 2012. New ophiacanthid brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the Upper Triassic of Japan: first insights into the origin and evolution of an extant deep-sea group. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.
  • Thuy B. & Kroh A. 2011. Barremian ophiuroids from the Serre de Bleyton (Drome, SE France). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien A 113: 777-807.
  • Thuy B. & Meyer C.A. 2013. The pitfalls of extrapolating present-day depth ranges to fossil communities: new insights from brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the Middle Jurassic of Switzerland. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 132 (1): 5-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-012-0048-5
  • Thuy B. & Schulz H. In Press. The oldest representative of a modern deep-sea ophiacanthid brittle-star clade from Jurassic shallow-water coral reef sediments. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica http://dx.doi. org/10.4202/app.2011.0192
  • Thuy B. & Stohr S. 2011. Lateral arm plate morphology in brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): new perspectives for ophiuroid micropalaeontology and classification. Zootaxa 3013: 1-47.
  • Tipper J.C. 1979. Rarefaction and rarefiction - the use and abuse of a method in paleoecology. Paleobiology 5: 423-434.
  • Twitchett R.J., Feinberg J.M., O'Connor D.D., Alvarez W. & McCollum L. 2005. Early Triassic ophiuroids: their paleoecology, taphonomy and distribution. Palaios 20 (3): 213-223.
  • Twitchett R.J. & Oji T. 2005. The Early Triassic recovery of echinoderms. Comptes Rendus Palevol 4 (6-7): 531-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2005.02.006
  • Tyler P.A. 1980. Deep-sea ophiuroids. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 18: 125-153.
  • Tyler P.A. & Young C.M. 1998. Temperature and pressure tolerances in dispersal stages of the genus Echinus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): prerequisites for deep-sea invasion and speciation. Deep-Sea Research II 45 (1-3): 253-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00091-X
  • Vermeij G.J. 1977. The Mesozoic Marine Revolution; evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology 3 (3): 245-258.
  • Vermeij G.J. 1987. Evolution and escalation: an ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Vermeij G.J. 1995. Economics, volcanos, and Phanerozoic revolutions. Paleobiology 21 (2): 125-152.
  • Voros A. (ed.) 2003. The Pelsonian Substage on the Balaton Highland (Middle Triassic, Hungary). Geologica Hungarica, Series Palaeontologica 55: 1-50.
  • Voros A. 2005. The smooth brachiopods of the Mediterranean Jurassic: refugees or invaders? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 223 (3-4): 222-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. palaeo.2005.04.006
  • Vortisch W. 1970. Die Geologie des Glasenbachtales sudlich von Salzburg. Geologica et Palaeontologica 4: 147-166.
  • Wendt J., Wu X. & Reinhardt W. 1989. Deep-water hexactinellid sponge mounds from the Upper Triassic of northern Sichuan (China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 76 (1-2): 17-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90100-4
  • Wiese F., Cech S., Ekrt B., Kost'ak M., Mazuch M. & Voigt S. 2004. The Upper Turonian of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (Czech Republic) exemplified by the Upohlavy working quarry: integrated stratigraphy and palaeoceanography of a gateway to the Tethys. Cretaceous Research 25 (3): 329-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2004.01.003
  • Wilmsen M. 2005. Stratigraphy and biofacies of the Lower Aptian of Cuchia (Cantabria, northern Spain). Journal of Iberian Geology 31: 253-275.
  • Wilson G.D.F. 1999. Some of the deep-sea fauna is ancient. Crustaceana 72 (8): 1019-1030. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854099503915
  • Wolf T. 1960. The hadal community, an introduction. Deep-Sea Research 6: 95-124. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0146-6313(59)90063-2
  • Yang Z. 1960. On the discovery of a Scythian ophiuroid from Kueichou, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 8: 159-163.
  • Young J.R., Gale A.S., Knight R.I. & Smith A.B. 2010. Fossils of the Gault Clay. Field Guide to Fossils 12, Palaeontological Association, London.
  • Young C.M., Tyler P.A. & Fenaux L. 1997. Potential for deep sea invasion by Mediterranean shallow water echinoids: pressure and temperature as stage-specific dispersal barriers. Marine Ecology Progress Series 154: 197-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps154197
  • Zagorsek K. & Kroh A. 2003. Cretaceous Bryozoa from Scharrergraben (Santonian, Gosau Group, Eastern Alps). Geologica Carpathica 54 (6): 1-13.
  • Zapfe H. 1967. Beitrage zur Palaontologie der nordalpinen Riffe. Die Fauna der Zlambach-Mergel der Fischerwiese bei Aussee, Steiermark. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 71: 413-480.
  • Zaton M., Salamon M.A., Boczarowski A. & Sitek S. 2008. Taphonomy of dense ophiuroid accumulations from the Middle Triassic of Poland. Lethaia 41 (1): 47-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1502-3931.2007.00041.x
  • Zenkevitch L.A. & Birstein J.A. 1960. On the problem of the antiquity of the deep-sea fauna. Deep-Sea Research 7 (1): 10-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6313(60)90003-4
  • Zonneveld J.-P. 2001. Middle Triassic biostromes from the Liard Formation, British Columbia, Canada: oldest examples from the Mesozoic of NW Pangea. Sedimentary Geology 145 (3-4): 317-341. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00154-3